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Rapid Review: Wheelock Chapters 1-14

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives Their function in the sentence is indicated by their case, not by the word order of the sentence. There are six cases: Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives Besides case, nouns also have gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. They also have number: singular or plural. So nouns have three important characteristics: GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE.

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives Nouns are divided into five groups called declensions. So far, we’ve learned the first 3 declensions (and we’ll learn the remaining 2 this semester, huzzah!) Remember: DECLENSION ≠ GENDER!

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives We can identify the declension of a noun by looking at the ending of its genitive singular. To decline a noun, we add the appropriate case endings to the noun’s stem.

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 1 st declension: porta, portae, f SingularPlural Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl port ī s portae portam port ā portae portarum porta portas port ī s

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 2 nd declension: campus, campi, m SingularPlural Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl camp ī s campi campo campum campo campi camporum campus campos camp ī s

The form of the vocative case is identical to that of the nominative in every declension EXCEPT certain 2 nd declension nouns, following these rules: -us → -e ex: Marcus → Marce -ius → –i ex: filius → fili also, meus → mi Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

3 rd declension: rex, regis, m SingularPlural Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl regibus regis regi regem rege reges regum rex reges regibus

The form of neuter nouns follow the following rules in all declensions: nom = acc nom/acc pl = -a Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives SgPl Nom caputcapita Gencapitiscapitum Datcapiticapitibus Acc caputcapita Ablcapitecapitibus

There is a special group of 3 rd declension nouns known as i-stems, which differ from other 3 rd declensions like this: Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives M/F SgPl Nomarxarces Genarcis arcium Datarciarcibus Accarcemarces Ablarcearcibus N SgPl Nommare maria Genmaris marium Datmarimaribus Accmare maria Abl mari maribus

There are some rules we have to help us remember which 3 rd declension nouns are i-stems: Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives M/F  nom. sg. ending in –is or –es, having the same number of syllables in the nominative and genitive  nom sg. in –s or –x w/ base in 2 consonants. Most of their nominatives are monosyllabic. N  nom. sg. ending in –al, -ar, or –e

Ablative Uses So far we’ve learned: -w/ a preposition (SID SPACE) -means/instrument - NO preposition! -accompaniment - takes cum -manner - takes cum

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives Adjectives MUST agree with the nouns they modify in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE! Adjectives are grouped, like nouns. So far we’ve learned 1 st /2 nd declension adjectives. Don’t be confused by their names, ANY adjective can describe ANY noun of ANY declension, regardless of declension, as long as they AGREE IN GENDER, NUMBER, AND CASE!

Adjectives Adjectives can be used as substantives. You get the stem of the adj from the feminine or neuter form. There’s a group of special –ius adjectives that have genitive singular in –ius and dative singular in –i.

Personal Pronouns 1 st person sg: ego, mei, mihi, me, me 2 nd person sg: tu, tui, tibi, te, te 1 st person pl: nos, nostrum/nostri, nobis, nos, nobis 2 nd person pl: vos, vestrum/vestri, vobis, vos, vobis Genitives of the 1 st and 2 nd person are NOT for possession. They were used as objective and partitive genitives. –nostrum/vestrum = partitive –nostri/vestri = objective is, ea, id are used as 3 rd person pronouns, and the genitives were often used for possession

Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject, so they have no nominative case. For 1 st and 2 nd sg and pl, their forms are the same as the personal pronoun 3rd person reflexives are the same for sg and pl Forms: --, sui, sibi, se, se Reflexive possessive adjs. are meus, tuus, noster, vester, and suus Reflexive Pronouns

Verbs Verbs have five characteristics: 1.Person 1 st, 2 nd, or 3 rd ? 2.Number singular or plural? 3.Tense pres, fut, imp, pf, fut pf, or plupf? 4.Voice active or passive? 5.Mood indicative, imperative, or subjunctive?

Verbs Verbs are divided into four groups called conjugations. 1 st conj. = -are 2 nd conj. = - ē re 3 rd conj. = -ere 4 th conj. = -ire There’s also a subsection of the 3 rd conjugation known as ‘3 rd –io’ which often act like 4 th conjugation verbs, but have infinitive in –ere.

Verbs The personal endings of the verbs tell us its five characteristics. What are the personal endings of the active voice? -o or –m -s -t -mus -tis -nt

Verbs To conjugate a verb, add the personal endings to the stem. How do we find the present stem? What tenses are formed off the present stem? How do we find the perfect stem? What tenses are formed off the perfect stem?

Verbs: Imperatives The singular imperative is just like the present stem. The plural has a –te added. amareamaamate mon ēremonēmonēte agereageagite audire audiaudite There are 4 irregular imperatives duc, dic, fac, fer

Verbs: Present Tense To form the present tense, just add the personal endings to the present stem. amo moneo ago capio audio amas mones agis capis audis amat monet agit capit audit amamus monemus agimus capimus audimus amatis monetis agitis capitis auditis amant monent agunt capiunt audiunt

Verbs: Imperfect The imperfect tense is used for continuous or repetitive actions in the past. To form the imperfect, stick the infix ‘ba’ in between the present stem and the personal endings. Ex: laudabam, laudabas, laudabat, etc 3 rd –io and 4 th conj. verbs have an ‘e’ between the ‘i’ and the personal endings (capiebam, audiebam, etc)

Verbs: Future 1 st and 2 nd conjugations form the future with the infix ‘bi’ (Remember: Bo will bunt) In 3 rd and 4 th conjugations, the sign of the future tense is the vowel ‘e’ (‘a’ in 1 st sg) Ex: agam, ages, aget, etc

Verbs: Future Remember: In conjugations 1 and 2, you must use ‘bo,’ ‘bi,’ ‘bu.’ In conjugations 4 and 3, you must use ‘a’ and ‘e.’

Verbs: Sum and Possum Present sum es est sumus estis sunt Future ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt Imperfect eram eras erat eramus eratis erant The forms of possum are the same as sum but with pot- in front of them.

Verbs: Sum and Possum Present possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt Future potero poteris poterit poterimus poteritis poterunt Imperfect poteram poteras poterat poteramus poteratis poterant The forms of possum are the same as sum but with pot- in front of them. Where sum begins with an ‘s,’ the ‘t’ also turns into an ‘s.’ Present possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt

Verbs: Perfect System To find the stem, drop the –i off the 3 rd principal part. ENDINGS Perfect Active Indic Pluperfect Active Indic Future Perfect Active Indic Sg. 1 st -i-eram-ero 2 nd -isti-eras-eris 3 rd -it-erat-erit Pl. 1 st -imus-eramus-erimus 2 nd -istis-eratis-eritis 3 rd -erunt-erant-erint

Verbs: Perfect System The perfect is used to talk about an action in the past as a single, completed event. The pluperfect and future perfect are used like they are in English, generally looking at consequences of completed actions. The perfect tenses are often used to discuss events relative, temporally, to other events.

Verbs: Impf. and the Pf. Sys. TenseUsageLatin exampleEng. translation Repetative, habitual, or ongoing event in the past I was praising, I used to praise Event in the past that occurred before another event in the past I had praised Completed event, or completed event that has some bearing on the present I praised, I have praised Event in the future that occurs before another event in the future I will have praised Imperfect Pluperfect Perfect laudavero laudabam laudaveram laudavi Future Perfect