Disorders of the Urinary System Can you guess one?

Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid Gradually they get larger until they block ureters First sym severe pain Other sym nausea and vomiting, frequency, chills, fever, hematuria Diagnosis by symptoms, ultrasound, or x-ray Rx –increase fluids to flush out stone, medications, and if needed LITHOTRIPSY

Lithostripsy Surgical procedure to remove kidney stones Shock waves hit dense stones and break them up Done on outpatient basis

Nephritis Inflammation of the kidney (kidney infection) Incontinence –involuntary urination

Cystitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the urinary bladder Most common cause – E.Coli Sym- DYSUIA (painful urination) and frequency Usually in females (shorter urethra) Rx - antibiotics

Hemodialysis Used for kidney failure Involves the passage of blood through device with semipermeable membrane Dialysis serves as substitute kidney Blood from patient flows through machine and is filtered Can be done at home or in clinic Takes 2-4 hours, 2-3 times a week.

Glomerulonephritis Inflammation and scarring of the glomerulus; causes damage to the filter mechanism; allows blood cells and protein to enter the filtrate Symptoms: kidney failure, uremia, HTN or hypotension, decreased urine output, increased serum creatinine and urea Diagnosis: Urinalysis and blood testing Treatment: Depends on cause. Treating underlying cause may decrease progression Primary cause: no obvious cause Secondary causes: bacterial infection, drug toxicity, diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, genteic disorders such as Alport’s Syndrome and Goodpasture’s Syndrome

Renal Failure (Renal Insufficiency) Cause: either acute or progressive damage to the kidneys from many different causes Symptoms: decreased urine output, uremia, fluid retention, loss of appetitie, fatigue, hiccups, nausea, mental confusion, clotting disorder, seizures Diagnosis: blood tests, urinalysis, imaging Treatments: blood pressure meds, glucose control, diet, treat underlying condition, prevention of cardiovascular disease, kidney replacement when progresses to end stage disease

Kidney Transplant As a last resort Involves donor organ from someone with a similar immune system Main complication - rejection

Definitions Enuresis Glycosuria Nocturia Polyuria Bedwetting Sugar in urine Frequent urination at night Large amounts of urine

Definitions Continues Pyuria Anuria Hematuria Diuretic Pus in urine No urine produced Blood in urine Drug or substance to increase urine production

anuria absence of urine   diuretic drug that increases urinary output dysuria painful urination    filtrate fluid that has passed through a filter

incontinence involuntary urination   micturate to urinate nephralgia pain in a kidney neurogenic bladder damage to the nerve that controls the bladder    oliguria reduced production of urine

uremia presence of urinary waste products in the blood   urinalysis examination of the urine urinary catheterization insertion of a sterile tube into the urinary bladder urinary retention inability to urinate urinate emptying of urine from the urinary bladder void emptying of urine from the urinary bladder