Objectives Part I What is a CBT Part II l Integration of ISD & CBT Instructional Systems Development (ISD) Computer-Based Training (CBT) Part III l Information Design & Instructional Design Part IV l Content Mapping and Flow Charting

Computer-Based Training (CBT) Computer-based Training (CBT) is the interactive use of computers specifically to deliver educational learning/training experiences individualized instructive combines graphics, sound, color, animation and text generic or custom software on a CD that runs on a personal computer lessons are 100% self-paced, as in reading books

CBT “Labels” Other ways to “label” CBT – (these reflect the emphasis -. they all refer to Computer Based Training.) Technology Based Learning (TBL) Computer Based Training (CBT) Computer Based Education (CBE) Computer Based Learning (CBL) Computer Based Instruction (CBI) Technology Based Training (TBT)

CBT Authoring Tools IconAuthor Click 2LearnToolbook Macromedia Authorware HyperCard PowerPoint others….

What Makes a Good CBT?

Quality CBTs CBTs vary significantly in quality of content and delivery. a well-designed CBT provides excellent instruction that is well paced and interesting a poorly designed CBT is little more than a document or book that was converted to deliver online

Quality (cont’d) Technology by itself does not improve instruction, it is merely another means of delivering good instruction. It is just as difficult to develop a CBT course as it is to develop that same course in any other form of instruction. The amount of effort and skills devoted to developing a course of instruction, whether CBT or any other form, generally determines the educational quality of that instruction.

CBT Elements Management (presentation) frames –Not for teaching - orientation - title/menu Dialogue frames –instructional modules, formative and summative tests l Interactive l Engage learner Criterion frames –Give uses access to material related to missed questions –Gives progress In Advanced Systems: Record management system Student management system Content management system

Why/Why Not CBT?

Advantages of CBT Delivery Interactivity and learner control, including feedback to learner Permits individualized, self-paced, consistent instruction. Time and location independent Able to incorporate self-assessment and remediation as required Can be used with other media and methods in training and education Frees lecturer time from routine tasks Most suitable to present visual phenomenon, information that is hard to describe, complex systems or models, or where the objective is structured teaching of a particular skill

Disadvantages of CBT High initial development costs Distribution costs (CD-ROM) Updating issues Hardware/software requirements for end-user

Costs Developmental $200 to $5000/hr of instruction. Project team time including author, instructional designer, programmer, graphic designer. Authoring software upwards to $20,000 and beyond Development hardware

Instructional Design Models l General Instructional Design Phases - ADDIE Model l Dick and Carey Design Model (1990) l Hannafin and Peck Design Model l Knirk and Gustafson Design Model l Jerrold Kemp Design Model (1985) l Gerlach and Ely Design Model (1989) l Rapid Prototyping Design Model (1990)

Instructional Design Models (Cont.) Instructional Models can be classified according to l Expertise Level: Novice vs. Expert l Instructional Orientation: Descriptive vs. Prescriptive l Knowledge Structure: Procedural or Declarative Instruction l Context: K – 12, Higher Education, Business Training, and Government Training l Purposes and Uses: Small Scale (unit, module, lesson) vs. Large Scale (course, institution) l Theoretical Basis: Learning Theory, General Systems Theory, Analysis Functions

CBT/WBT Authoring Processes

ISD Applied to CBT/WBT Planning Production Packaging/Distrib. Analysis/DesignDevelopmentImplementationEvaluation

CBT Information Design Information Design l Language and Grammar l Content and message design l Help and Supportive Materials

CBT Instructional Design Instructional Design Context, Audience and Content Analysis Instructional scope, goals, strategies and events Evaluation and Feedback

CBT/WBT Instructional Analysis & Design Conduct Instructional Analysis Conduct Instructional Analysis Identify Instructional Events Identify Instructional Events Flowchart Events Flowchart Events Storyboard Events/Program Storyboard Events/Program Context and Audience Analysis Content Analysis Learning Map/ Concept Map Instructional Goals & Learning Objectives Instructional Strategies Develop and Sequence Instructional Events - Flowchart

CBT/WBT Instructional Analysis & Design (Cont.) Conduct Instructional Analysis Conduct Instructional Analysis Content Analysis Hierarchical Analysis Procedural Analysis Cluster Analysis Learning Map or Concept Map 1a1b1c 1 2a2b 2 Instructional Goals Identify Instructional Event Identify Instructional Event

Instructional Goals for CBT/WBT Teaching Styles, Learning Styles and Instructional Goals

Instructional Goals for CBT/WBT Teaching Styles, Learning Styles and Instructional Goals

Instructional Goals for CBT/WBT (Cont.) Instructional Goals ________________________________ Terminal Objectives Enabling Objectives ________________________________ 1a1b1c 1 2a2b 2 Performance Objectives Learning Map Knowledge & Skills

Instructional Strategies for CBT/WBT Instructional Strategies DescriptionsStrengths Tutorial l Information dissemination l Instructor/computer led l Continual feedback l Minimal practice l Skill modeling l Structured/guided learning Drills l Not intended to teach l Formative & summative evaluation l Opportunity for practices Tests l Computer administrated test l Criteria-reference/ norm-references l Learner controls progress l Ongoing progress tracking & feedback Simulations l Teach about -- physical/process l Teach how to do – procedural/ situational l Limitation/ speculation of phenomenon l Mimicking reality l Highly interactive Games l Similar to simulations, but may not mimic reality l May use fantasy l Secured safety l Teaches rules l Provide challenges and experiences in a competitive environments

Sequence Instructional Events l Enhance learning by arranging instructional events to facilitate understanding and transfer of skills or knowledge. Strategies l Logical order l Prerequisite order l By content organization

Gagne’s Instructional Theory Three major elements of Robert Gagne's instructional theory l Based on a taxonomy of learning outcomes. l Stressed on conditions necessary for achieving learning outcomes. l Utilization of nine events of instruction as guiding principles for developing and delivering instruction.

Gagne’s Instructional Theory (Cont.) Robert Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction 1. Gaining attention 2. Informing learner of objective 3. Stimulating recall 4. Presenting stimulus 5. Guiding learning 6. Eliciting performance 7. Providing feedback 8. Enhancing retention 9. Promoting transfer