Population policies John Trites Horton High School Nova Scotia, Canada

Types of Population Policies Pro-natalist / Expansive Anti-natalist / Restrictive

Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ?

Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ?

U.S.S.R. - pro-natalist Starting on July 8, 1944 the government of the U.S.S.R. began awarding medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate.

Why did the government believe there was a need for a pro-natalist policy at this time ?

Motherhood Medals Order of the Glory of Motherhood or Order of Maternal Glory Order of Mother Heroine 3 main categories of medals were presented

Motherhood Medal 2nd Class 5 children 8,000,000 awarded

Motherhood Medal 1st Class 6 children 4,000,000 awarded

Order of Maternal Glory 3rd Class 7 children 2,000,000 awarded

Order of Maternal Glory 2nd Class 8 children 1,000,000 awarded

Order of Maternal Glory 1st Class 9 children 500,000 awarded

Order Mother Heroine 10 children 200,000 awarded

For bearing, raising & educating children Order of Mother Heroine 10 children People’s Republic of Albania

Albania Communist Order MOTHERHOOD GLORY Class IClass II Class III 9 children6 children 3 children

Germany Cross of Honor of the German Mother (Ehrenkreuz der deutschen Mutter)

Bronze 3 rd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 4, 5 Silver 2 nd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 6, 7 Gold 1 st Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 8 or more Diamond – 14 or more ?

Bulgaria Medal for Maternity, 1st class 4 children Medal for Maternity, 2nd class 3 children Original style Newer style

Bulgarian Order of Mother Glory (original version) Class I Class 2 Class 3 4, 5 children ? 6,7 children ? 8/9 children ?

Bulgarian Order of Mother Glory (newer version) Class I Class 2 Class 3 4, 5 children ? 6,7 children ? 8/9 children ?

Mongolia Order of Maternal Glory : 1957 First Class Second Class 9 children 5 – 8 children

China - anti-natalist 2 different programs in recent years Later, Longer, Fewer Policy One Child Policy

Later, Longer, Fewer (wan xi shao) 1971 get married later in life (mid - late twenties) wait longer for first baby and in between babies have fewer, 2 in urban areas & 3 in rural areas

What is the impact of late marriages on fertility?

One Child Policy rewards start once 1 child contract is signed Rewards free medical care free daycare and schooling guaranteed job for child bonuses for parents extra maternity leave better housing bigger old age pension Penalties must repay financial benefits educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn parents’ wages reduced

Why are improved old age pensions such an important part of the policy ? How did the government persuade its citizens to cooperate ?

80,000 Family Planning Workers Practice birth control for the revolution source:

Part of Education Program

The Science of Family Planning source:

Peer pressure is also effectively used to keep birth rates down

Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertizing.

Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy

Clever and pretty healthy and lovely source:

Do a good job in family planning to promote economic development

In the majority of the posters, is the 1 child male or female ? In addition to showing a happy child and parent(s), what other idea is often linked with the single child.

Why do you believe that most posters show a girl rather than a boy ?

How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?

Why do the posters often suggest an association between economic prosperity and happy 1 child families ?

Little emperors Any social problems ?

In recent years China has relaxed the rules, and in some cases have even started encouraging two children. In many cases, parents are not taking advantage of this opportunity. Why ?

Iran: - Anti-natalist or pro-natalist ?

1967 – first anti-natalist policy 1979 – pro-natalist 1988 – anti-natalist 2006 – pro-natalist ?

1967 start of family planning accelerating economic growth slow rapid growth (2.75%)

1979 start of Islamic Revolution family planning program - western influence promotion of contraception by health officials banned procreation to bolster the ranks of “soldiers for Islam” (8 year war with Iraq) Ayatollah Khomeini

Khomeini’s pro-natalist policy resulted in a growth rate of 3.2 % Total fertility rate rose to 7

1988 Khomeini reconsidered his stance due to: faltering economy severe unemployment overcrowded & polluted cities

1988 – 2001 national family planning program was revived encouraged women to wait 3 – 4 years between children discouraged childbearing for those < 18 and > 35 limit family size to 3 children

restricted maternity leave after 3 children family planning & mother / infant health care information incorporated into school curriculum government controlled media promoted family planning

religious leaders supported the gov’n’t plan (fatwas permitted & encouraged the use of all types of contraception including male and female sterilization) all couples take a class on modern contraception before marriage gov’n’t. sanctioned condom factory

free birth control and sterilization investment in literacy (between 1970 & 2001) males (48% – 84%) females (25% - 70%)** Total fertility rate dropped < 3 (expected to be 2 by 2010)

2006 "It is said that two children is enough. I oppose this," President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad told legislators. "Our country has a lot of capacities. It even has the capacity for 120 million people.“ reduction in working hours for women to allow for more child bearing & rearing

Quebec - Pro-natalist 1950’s - one of the highest Fertility Rates in the developed world (Catholic & rural) FR of 1.4 (1.7 Canada) & Quebec’s share of Canadian population was decreasing

Why were the issues of lower fertility rate than the Canadian average and the decreasing % of Canadian population in Quebec, so important to the politicians of Quebec ? Why did the fertility rates decrease so drastically ?

1 st set of incentives $500 for each of 1 st 2 children $3000 for each subsequent child child care facilities improved & expanded tax free family allowance if 2 or more children interest free housing loans (up to $7000) 1987

nd set of incentives $500 for 1st child $1000 for 2nd child $6000 for each subsequent child other benefits remained the same 1997 Program ended after 10 yrs. of minimal success

Some people were extremely opposed to the use of money as an incentive. Why would this have been the case ?

Couples who have a baby within 5 years of finishing university will get 1/2 their student loan paid off election Parti Quebecois ’ platform involved population expansion Bernard Landry

Why do you think this offer was good for only 5 years after university ? What group of people would be favoured by this policy ?

Since the mid-1960s, Singapore's government has attempted to control the country's rate of population growth with a mixture of publicity, exhortation, and material incentives and disincentives Singapore - anti-natalist & pro-natalist

1947 – 1957 GR = 4.4 % (doubling time = ? years) various government & private programs slowed until 1970’s

Why did the population start to rise again quickly in the 70’s ?

1969 – 1972 population disincentives raise cost of 3 rd and subsequent children civil servants received no paid maternity leave for 3 rd + income tax deductions for 2 only maternity hospitals charged progressively more for each additional child enrollment to top primary schools went to children of pre – 40 sterilized parents

voluntary sterilization rewarded by seven days of paid sick leave and by priority in the allocation of such public goods as housing and education publicity campaigns: "Stop at Two" and arguing that large families threatened parents' present livelihood and future security. penalties affected poor more than rich

The anti-natalist policies worked so well, now Singapore is promoting births again

Dating pamphlets to encourage and help young couple personals.promotions.yahoo.com/singaporefp

Princesses Masako & Aiko Japan

Nepal

Bolivia

Ethiopia

Indonesia

Vietnam 2 children is enough

Vietnam

India Wait until the 1st child is 3 before having your 2nd

Egypt

United States

Eugenics GermanyAlbertaQuebec ? India Singapore China

India’s extremists want anti- Muslim family planning measure Ummah News ^India’s extremists want anti- Muslim family planning measure Ummah News ^ | June India's Hindu extremist party, the VHP, has asked the government to enforce family planning measures on the Muslim population, saying its rapid increase is "detrimental" to Hindus in the country

Web sites where images and limited information regarding the U.S.S.R. came from. Information regarding the Motherhood Medals indicates that the medals were presented to women only once their youngest child reached 1 year of age, and if all her other children were alive. Children killed in the service of the U.S.S.R. were considered alive for award purposes. Adopted children also counted towards the award. I assume, but don’t know for certain, that the same rules applied for all the Soviet awards.