© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Family Planning and Parenthood

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Why might I need to plan my family? Why might I need to plan my family? How can pregnancy be prevented using hormones? How can pregnancy be prevented using hormones? Preview Chapter Questions

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Questions How do spermicides work to prevent pregnancy? How do spermicides work to prevent pregnancy? How do these methods work? How do these methods work? Is there such a thing as permanent birth control? Is there such a thing as permanent birth control? Preview

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Questions How can pregnancy be prevented without using hormones, devices, or surgery? How can pregnancy be prevented without using hormones, devices, or surgery? Which methods are most commonly used? Which methods are most commonly used? Preview

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Questions What are the issues on both sides of the abortion debate? What are the issues on both sides of the abortion debate? What diseases are passed through sexual contact? What diseases are passed through sexual contact? What causes infertility and how can it be treated? What causes infertility and how can it be treated? Preview

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Questions Why would some people decide not to have children? Why would some people decide not to have children? Preview

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cultural Perspective: A Preference for Males Why is having boy children so important in Why is having boy children so important in China and India? Preview PP

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. At Issue Today: The Abortion Pill How does this pill work? How does this pill work? Preview CP

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Question of Policy : Embryos Are embryos fertilized outside the womb human beings? Are embryos fertilized outside the womb human beings? Preview AI

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Guided Learning Process 1 st : Question 1 st : Question 2 nd : Study 2 nd : Study 3 rd : Mark 3 rd : Mark 4 th : Question again 4 th : Question again 5 th : Recite 5 th : Recite 6 th : Check 6 th : Check 7 th : Restudy if necessary 7 th : Restudy if necessary Preview

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Importance of Family Planning Protect health — mother/child Protect health — mother/child Timing the conception and birth Timing the conception and birth If parenthood is chosen — greater psychological health If parenthood is chosen — greater psychological health A

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Hormonal Control Prevent contraception in 3 ways: Prevent contraception in 3 ways: Prevents ovulation (90%) Prevents ovulation (90%) Prevents sperm penetration Prevents sperm penetration Prevents endometrial implantation Prevents endometrial implantation B

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Oral Contraceptives Combination Pills Combination Pills Estrogen + progestin Estrogen + progestin 3.8% failure rate 3.8% failure rate Minipill Minipill Progestin only Progestin only Emergency contraceptives Emergency contraceptives B

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Advantages of Oral Contraceptives Convenient Convenient Reversible Reversible Reduces several health problems: Reduces several health problems: Benign breast disease and cysts Benign breast disease and cysts Suppresses ovarian activity Suppresses ovarian activity Controls iron deficiency Controls iron deficiency Reduces PID Reduces PID Protection — ectopic pregnancy Protection — ectopic pregnancy B

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Disadvantages of Oral Contraceptives No STD protection No STD protection Thrombosis (blood clots) Thrombosis (blood clots) Increased risk of breast and cervical cancer Increased risk of breast and cervical cancer Decreased sexual drive Decreased sexual drive Nausea, weight gain, headaches, swollen breasts Nausea, weight gain, headaches, swollen breasts B

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Hormonal Contraceptives Progestin injections – 1 / 3 mos Progestin injections – 1 / 3 mos Vaginal contraceptive ring – 1 mo Vaginal contraceptive ring – 1 mo Contraceptive patch – weekly Contraceptive patch – weekly Intrauterine system (IUS) – 5 yrs Intrauterine system (IUS) – 5 yrs B

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vaginal Spermicides Chemicals kill sperm Chemicals kill sperm Foam – Suppository – Cream – Jelly – Film Foam – Suppository – Cream – Jelly – Film Activation method Activation method Blocking entrance uterus Blocking entrance uterus Immobilizes sperm Immobilizes sperm Failure rate: 6–26% Failure rate: 6–26%

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Intrauterine Devices (IUD) Plastic or copper Plastic or copper Activation method Activation method Alter uterine environment Alter uterine environment Inhibit fertilization Inhibit fertilization Interfere with implantation Interfere with implantation Physician insertion required Physician insertion required Failure rate: 2.5% Failure rate: 2.5% D

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Barrier Methods Condoms Condoms Failure 2.5–14% Failure 2.5–14% Best STD protection Best STD protection Female condom Female condom Failure 5–21% Failure 5–21% Diaphragms Diaphragms Failure 6–20% Failure 6–20% Cervical cap Cervical cap Failure 9–40% Failure 9–40% D

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sterilization Vasectomy Vasectomy cutting & tying or cauterizing vas deferens cutting & tying or cauterizing vas deferens Tubal Ligation Tubal Ligation Severing or closing fallopian tubes Severing or closing fallopian tubes E

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth Control Without Devices Fertility Awareness Methods Fertility Awareness Methods Failure rate: 26% Failure rate: 26% Coitus Interruptus Coitus Interruptus Failure rate: 4–19% Failure rate: 4–19% Noncoital Stimulation Noncoital Stimulation f

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Choosing the Right Method None is 100% effective or without side effects None is 100% effective or without side effects 10% of users get pregnant 10% of users get pregnant Consider all factors for self Consider all factors for self Married: sterilization / pill / condom Married: sterilization / pill / condom Single, never married: none / pill Single, never married: none / pill Previously married: none / IUD Previously married: none / IUD G

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Abortion — Legal Considerations 1973 Roe v. Wade 1973 Roe v. Wade Grounds: Right to Privacy Grounds: Right to Privacy 2 nd trimester – states’ can regulate to protect mother’s health 2 nd trimester – states’ can regulate to protect mother’s health Partial-birth procedures Partial-birth procedures 30 states have banned 30 states have banned 2 nd and 3 rd trimesters 2 nd and 3 rd trimesters States can regulate to some degree States can regulate to some degree H

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Abortion — Moral Considerations Religious – abortion = murder Religious – abortion = murder Question: When does life begin? Question: When does life begin? Sides focus on different issues: Sides focus on different issues: Right to life = rights of unborn child Right to life = rights of unborn child Right to choose = rights of mother Right to choose = rights of mother U.S. Supreme Court = mother’s right takes precedence U.S. Supreme Court = mother’s right takes precedence H

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Abortion — Social Considerations Laws don’t stop abortions Laws don’t stop abortions Laws can prevent malpractice and protect women who have abortions Laws can prevent malpractice and protect women who have abortions “Abortion mentality” “Abortion mentality” Legal abortions  “abortions are OK” Legal abortions  “abortions are OK” Abortion as contraceptive back-up Abortion as contraceptive back-up H

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Abortion — Psychological and Personal Considerations Negative effects of abortion on women Negative effects of abortion on women Right to life Right to life Negative effects if no or illegal abortion Negative effects if no or illegal abortion Right to choose Right to choose H

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sexually Transmitted Diseases One of most common infections in U.S. One of most common infections in U.S. 1/2 of new cases are ages /2 of new cases are ages /3 of sexually active people by age 23 1/3 of sexually active people by age 23 1/2 don’t get treatment 1/2 don’t get treatment I

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Three categories of STDs Three categories of STDs Caused by a virus Caused by a virus Caused by bacteria Caused by bacteria Caused by parasites Caused by parasites I

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. HIV/AIDS Attacks immune system Attacks immune system HIV transmitted through bodily fluids HIV transmitted through bodily fluids 1 million living with HIV 1 million living with HIV 2002 – 900,000 cases of AIDS 2002 – 900,000 cases of AIDS Difficult to know who has HIV Difficult to know who has HIV I

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Other STDs Herpes Simplex Herpes Simplex Hepatitis B Hepatitis B HPV/Genital Warts HPV/Genital Warts Chlamydia Chlamydia Gonorrhea Gonorrhea Syphilis Syphilis Parasitic Infections Parasitic Infections I

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Infertility 40% male problems 40% male problems 40% female problems 40% female problems 20% both 20% both Major life stressor Major life stressor Individual Individual Marital Marital

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatment of Infertility Over 35 — see doctor after trying 6 months Over 35 — see doctor after trying 6 months Younger couples — wait a year Younger couples — wait a year Surgical/hormonal treatments most common Surgical/hormonal treatments most common

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Alternative Means of Conception Artificial Insemination Artificial Insemination Homologous or heterologous insemination Homologous or heterologous insemination In Vitro Fertilization In Vitro Fertilization Embryo Transplant Embryo Transplant GIFT GIFT Ovum transfer Ovum transfer Surrogate mother Surrogate mother

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adoption Option 1970 peak — 175,000 adoptions 1970 peak — 175,000 adoptions 2001 – foreign countries 2001 – foreign countries ½ petitions by relatives ½ petitions by relatives Open adoption Open adoption Birth mother may play active role in selecting adoptive parents Birth mother may play active role in selecting adoptive parents May maintain contact with child May maintain contact with child J

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. To Parent or Not to Parent Trend toward delayed parenting Trend toward delayed parenting Later marriage Later marriage Financial situation Financial situation More education More education Personal development Personal development Effects of delaying childbirth Effects of delaying childbirth Infertility Infertility More adjustment to marriage before becoming parents More adjustment to marriage before becoming parents K

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Choosing a Child-Free Marriage Reasons Reasons Social changes Social changes Access to contraceptives Access to contraceptives Careers Careers Feminism Feminism Personal freedom Personal freedom Still stigmatized Still stigmatized K

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