Soil, Agriculture, Pesticides Slap it! Survive the 5

What are the first four letters in a soil profile from top to bottom?? O, A, B, C

Which soil horizon has the decomposed organic material?

Which soil horizon is topsoil? A

What is decomposed organic matter called in soil?

What is the name for the rock below the soil?

What are the three main sizes of soil particles in order from smallest to largest. Clay, Silt, Sand

If you wanted a well drained soil which soil particle would you add to your soil? Sand

What are the percentages of sand, silt, and clay at X?

Name three of the major inputs in industrialized agriculture. Inorganic Fertilizer Pesticides Machines (tractors, combines, etc.)

What are two benefits of genetically modified organisms? Resist cold Produce their own pesticides Grow faster Resist herbicides

What are three ways foreign DNA can be introduced into cells? Gene gun – dna on gold shot into cell Bacteria – invade host cell and introduce dna Electricity – create tears in cell that allow dna to enter.

What are two concerns with GMO’s? Genetic Resistance Breeding Superweeds Seeds growing in unwanted places (like an organic farmers field).

What are the negatives of aquaculture? Need to add antibiotics to reduce risk of disease. Need high calorie fish food to feed fish Net energy loser Predators can get stuck in nets trying to eat fish. Fish waste creates a problem

What does annual mean? Once a year. Perennial means they are always there.

Give an example of an annual plant. Dandelions, wildflowers, etc. Any plant that blooms, flowers, and dies in a short life cycle.

Give an example of a perennial plant. Roses, blueberry bushes, shrubs, etc. Any plant that lives year round.

Give an example of a chlorinated hydrocarbon. DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, PCB’s

What were the big negatives of chlorinated hydrocarbons? They persist for a long time They bioaccumulate (because they are fat soluble)

Are organophosphates and carbamates more or less toxic than chlorinated hydrocarbons More toxic

What are two benefits from organophosphates and carbamates? They are less persistent They do not bioaccumulate or biomagnify

Bioaccumulate or Biomagnify? Which one happens in an individual? Bioacc u mulate

I just sprayed an herbicide on my garden and everything died… I mistakenly used a Broad spectrum herbicide instead of a narrow spectrum herbicide.

What is the pesticide treadmill?. Farmer uses pesticide and it works great. Farmer uses pesticide and it works great. Farmer uses again and it doesn’t work as well. Farmer uses again and it doesn’t work as well. Pests breed resistance. Pests breed resistance. More pesticides are needed and/or a new pesticide is needed. More pesticides are needed and/or a new pesticide is needed.

Give an example of biological control of pests? Ladybugs eating aphids Ladybugs eating aphids Cane toads eating cane grub (well… they didn’t actually eat it) Cane toads eating cane grub (well… they didn’t actually eat it)

Explain how you could use Integrated Pest Management to control mites in a strawberry field. Biological - Bring in a predatory species (predatory mites) Biological - Bring in a predatory species (predatory mites) Chemical - Spray small amounts of miticide (insecticide) Chemical - Spray small amounts of miticide (insecticide) Cultural controls – keeping down the dust Cultural controls – keeping down the dust Mechanical – vacuuming up the pests. Mechanical – vacuuming up the pests.

What type of agriculture is slash and burn? Explain why. Shifting cultivation – they have to move every 5 years or so because the soil becomes nutrient depleted.

What is subsistence farming? Growing enough food to feed your family and maybe sell a little to make money.

Plantation agriculture is focused on ___________ their food for ________. Exporting their food for sale.

Sustainable Agriculture means….. Using methods that will not degrade

What were two components of the first green revolution? High Yield Varieties Inorganic Fertilizer Use Pesticide Use

What are two components of the second green revolution? Happened in developing countries Focused on tropical and subtropical areas Focused on Rice and Wheat (High yield varieties)

How does soil become more saline? Water has a natural amount of salt in it. As water evaporates from the top of the soil the salt gets left behind. Salt builds up over time.

Explain Waterlogging A crop is overwatered. The water table moves up and covers the roots. The roots become immersed in water and the plant cannot function properly.

What is alley cropping? Crops planted inbetween rows of trees.

What is contour plowing? Plowing perpendicular to the slope of a hill to reduce soil erosion.

What are two causes of soil erosion? Moving water (this Is the major cause) Wind

What is strip cropping Planting rows of different crops in strips next to each other.

Terracing? On a steep hill cutting in flat areas for growing crops.

What is larger: A rill or a gully? A gully.

What is sheet erosion? A large amount of topsoil moves off the land at once.

What is polyculture? Growing many types of crops on one area of land.

How is a polyculture better at controlling pests than a monoculture? A polyculture will have a variety of predatory insects living there. A pest will not be able to decimate and entire farm on a polyculture (on a monoculture they could eat the entire crop since its all the same)

What is polyculture? Growing many types of crops on one area of land.