Science Skills Chapter 1

What is Science Science – A system of knowledge and the methods you use to find that knowledge – Remember: you must be able to observe and test something for it to be science – There are 2 types of science Pure Science – Studying something to just to learn more about it Applied Science – Studying something in order to make it better or fix a problem Technology – The practical use of scientific information

Branches of Science Natural Science Physical Science Earth and Space Science Life Science Physics Chemistry Physical Science- the study of matter and energy

The Big Ideas Space and Time Matter and Change Forces and Motion Energy

Questions What is the difference between pure science and technology? – Example of each With a partner come up with 3 questions that could be answered with physical science.

Scientific Methods Scientific Method – An organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communication information – This method is the foundation of ALL modern science Five Steps – Make Observations – Form a Hypothesis – Test your Hypothesis – Draw a Conclusion – Develop a Theory

The Scientific Method Take a look around and see what is out there end

The Scientific Method If we observe something interesting, then we ask, why did that happen? We then use our knowledge to make an educated guess that explains what we observed. end

The Scientific Method After you create a hypothesis, you must test it to see if you were right. You test by conducting an experiment end

When you finish your experiment, you have to look at the results. If your results don't back up your hypothesis, then you change your hypothesis to fit your data. end

When the results of your experiment support you hypothesis, you still have more work to do. You must continue to test the hypothesis over and over again. end

The Scientific Method Eventually, after thousands of experiments and many years you take your results and develop a theory end

Scientific Laws and Theories Scientific Law – A statement summarizing a pattern found in nature Scientific Theory – A well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results end

Scientific Notation In science, most number are either REALLY BIG or REALLY SMALL! – Like: 300,000,000 m/s or m/s – Or: 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 particles Since these numbers are so long, we use scientific notation to shorten them up end

Scientific Notation Steps to writing a number in scientific notation: If the number is BIGGER than 1: – Find the decimal place – Move the decimal place to the LEFT, so that the number is between 1 and 10 Remember to count the number of places you moved the decimal!!!!! – Write the new number Make sure to have 1 number in front and at least 1 number behind the decimal – At the end add: x 10 number of places end

Scientific Notation = 503 = = 60 = 450 = 7 = 3.00 x x x x x x 10 0 end

Scientific Notation If the number is SMALLER than 1 – Find the decimal place – Move the decimal place to the RIGHT, so that the number is between 1 and 10 Remember to count the number of places you moved the decimal!!!!! – Write the new number Make sure to have 1 number in front and 1 number behind the decimal – At the end add: x 10 - number of places end

Scientific Notation = 0.1 = = = 0.4 = = end 8.6 x x x x x x

Scientific Notation Steps to get a number OUT of scientific notation If the exponent is Positive move the decimal place to the Right – The number becomes bigger If the exponent is Negative move the decimal place to the Left – The number becomes smaller end

Scientific Notation 5.35 x 10 3 = 1.2 x 10 2 = 5.67 x 10 4 = 2.2 x = 5.6 x = 3.8 x = end

SI Units Scientists use a standard set of units for all measurements –These units are known as the SI Units (same thing as the metric system) What you are measuring UnitSymbol Lengthmeterm Masskilogra m kg TemperaturekelvinK Timeseconds VolumeliterL end

SI Unit Prefixes Would you try to measure the size of this class room in miles? – NO, you would use feet or maybe yards When you measure something you have to use the right tool – You wouldn’t use a jackhammer to build a house The SI units allow us to use the right tool by adding prefixes. end

SI Unit Prefixes With the SI units you can convert between small and large measurements using: King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk end

SI Unit Prefixes King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk kilo hecto deca Base deci centi milli k h da m/g/L/s d cm To convert between prefixes: – Find where you are starting and where you are going – Count the number of places – Move the decimal in that direction the same number of places end

SI Unit Prefixes 35 mL = ___ L 12 g = ___ mg 25 cm = ___ mm 4 L = ___ daL 4500 mg = ___ g 0.07 m = ___cm end

Limits of Measurement When you measure something you have a certain number of digits in your answer – 3.52 digits – digits If you use your measurement in a calculation, – then your answer cannot have more digits than your measurement end

Limits of Measurement How many digits should each answer have? – = – 5.21 – 4.28 = – 35 x = – 64 / 51.2 = end

Temperature There are 3 scales used to measure temperature –Fahrenheit (°F): Used in the U.S. –Celsius (°C): Used in all other countries in the world –Kelvin (K): Used by scientists To convert between them, use the following: end

Temperature Convert the following temperatures: – 26 °C = _____ °F – 98 °F = _____ °C – 34 °C = _____ K – 901 °C = _____ °F – 60 °F = _____ K end

Temperature Temperatures you should know: °F°CK Water Boils Human Body Room Temp Water Freezes end

Graphing When you graph: – Make sure you take up the whole graph paper No one like a super tiny graph – Label the x- and y-axis Remember to also put the units! – Give your graph a title (label of y-axis) vs. (label of x-axis) Distance vs. TimeTemperature vs. Time end

Graphing Time (seconds) Distance (meters) Independent Variable (x) Dependent Variable (y) Distance vs. Time Time (seconds) Distance (meters) end

Observations When you describe something you want to say everything there is to say about it – Color – Shape – Texture – Weight – Can you see through it – And anything else you can see/touch/smell/hear/taste end

Observations With your partner pick an object in the room and list 10 observations. end

Conducting an Experiment When you do an experiment, you want to test 1 thing. This is called a controlled experiment Controlled Experiment –Experiment in which only one thing is changed at a time –How fast some moves at different temperatures –How fast a reaction happens if you add more end

Conducting an Experiment Independent Variable – Variable that causes a change in another – Goes on the x-axis of a graph Dependent Variable – Variable that changes because of another – Goes on the y-axis of a graph end

Models Models are a way to show something – Map Scientific Models – Used to represent things that are hard to see on your own – An Earth rotating – An atom (which are too small to see!) end

SciencePure Science Applied ScienceTechnology Physical ScienceScientific Method Identify the ProblemHypothesis Form a ConclusionScientific Law Scientific TheoryIndependent variable Dependent variableScientific model MeterKilogram KelvinSecond Liter373 K 131 F17.2 C 275 mm kg x x10 -2 (6.3x10 2 )(3.4x10 -5 )(3.4x10 -5 )/(2.1x10 6 )