The Global Crisis: U.S. Foreign Policy APUSH - Unit 7, Lecture 3 (covering Chapter 27) Ms. Kray

Japanese Attack Manchuria (Sept. 1931) 5 League of Nations condemned the action. 5 Japan leaves the League. 5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine, US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force. 5 Japan was infuriated because the US had conquered new territories a few decades earlier. 5 Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932  massive casualties.

Hoover & Latin America 5Pursued friendly relations  Goodwill Tour 5Ended interventionist policies  Arranged U.S. troop withdrawal from Nicaragua in 1933  Negotiated a treaty with Haiti removing all U.S. troops by 1934

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Policies, FDR to Herbert Hoover: “Just leave them Herb. I'll do it all after March 4th. “

FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy 5 Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions. 5 FDR  The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others. 5 Policy of non-intervention and cooperation. 5 Examples: 5 Pan-American Conferences 5 Persuaded Congress to nullify Platt Amendment

FDR’s Bombshell  World Economic Conference held in London  Hoover had agreed to attend the conference but Election of 1932 happened 5FDR attended but repudiated the orthodox views of most of the delegates  Refused to agree to plan to stabilize currency  Wanted the U.S. off the gold standard  Abandoned U.S. commitment to settle war debts with international agreements 5What does this show?  FDR is an internationalist but puts the interests of the U.S. before the world

FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union (late 1933) 5 FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the US against Japan. 5 Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US economy during the Depression.

Nye Committee Hearings ( ) 5 The Nye Committee investigated the charge that WWI was needless and the US entered so munitions owners could make big profits [“merchants of death.”] 5 The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money. 5 Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing into warring nations’ waters. 5 Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts. Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

FDR’s “I hate war” Speech (1936)

Ludlow Amendment (1938) 5 A proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress. 5 Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow. 5 Never actually passed. Congressman Louis Ludlow [D-IN]

Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:  Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.  Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.  Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].  Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and- carry” basis  pay when goods are picked up.  Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. 5This limited the options of the President in a crisis. 5America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

US Neutrality

Spanish Civil War ( ) The American “Lincoln Brigade”

Fascist Aggression : Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia : German troops sent into the Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain : Austrian Anschluss. Tripartite Pact between Berlin, Rome & Tokyo [AXIS POWERS created] Munich Agreement  APPEASEMENT! : German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact. 5 September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland  blitzkrieg  WW II begins!!!

FDR’s Quarantine Speech, – Japan attacked China’s five northern provinces 5In a speech in Chicago FDR forcefully warned of the dangers that Japanese aggression posed to world speech  Aggressor nations should be “quarantined” by international community 5Public response was hostile, so FDR backs down

Panay Incident (1937) 5 December 12, Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River. 5 The river was an international waterway. 5 Japan was testing US resolve! 5 Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks. 5 Most Americans were satisfied with the apology. 5 Results  Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests.

1939 Neutrality Act 5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.  Non-Aggression Pact: Germany & USSR 5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:  The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.  FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter. 5Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:  Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.  The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the recession. 5America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

“America First” Committee Charles Lindbergh

Will We Go to War?

THE U.S. BECOMES “THE ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY”

Destroyers-for-Bases Deal, Sept  Britain under constant assault by German bombing raids  Britain was last Allied Power left 5FDR could not sell U.S. destroyers to British outright without alarming isolationists 5Arranged trade without consulting Congress!

“Four Freedoms” Speech 5Jan. 6, Proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of U.S. war materials 5Justified policy because it was in defense of “four freedoms” 5U.S. must support nations that support the 4 freedoms

“Lend-Lease” Act, March 1941 Great Britain $31 billion Soviet Union $11 billion France $ 3 billion China $1.5 billion Other European $500 million South America $400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000 5Opposed by America First Committee 5By now, however, most Americans supported aiding Britain

Atlantic Charter, Aug Secret meeting between FDR & Winston Churchill, P.M. of Britain 5Affirmed what their peace objectives would be when the war ended  Self-determination for all people  No territorial expansion  Free trade

Shoot-on-Sight, July FDR extended U.S. support for Britain even further  Ordered U.S. navy to escort British ships carrying lend- lease materials from U.S. to as far as Iceland  Goal: protect ships from U- boat attacks 5Sept 4  American destroyer Greer attacked  FDR’s ordered the Navy to attack all German ships on sight  Undeclared naval war against Germany

Pearl Harbor

Why the Japanese Attacked – U.S. relations with Japan increasingly strained  Japan’s invasion of China  Ambitions to extend conquests into Southeast Asia 5Sept – Japan joined Axis Powers  FDR responded by prohibiting the export of steel & scrap iron to all countries except Britain & nations of Western Hemisphere 5July 1941 – Japan occupied French Indochina  FDR responded by freezing all Japanese credits in the U.S.  Oil embargo

5Neutrality vs. Interventionism

5FDR’s re-election in 1940 made him feel he was in a stronger position to end American neutrality & give direct aid to the British.  Four Freedoms Speech (Jan. 1941)  Lend-Lease Act (March 1941)  Atlantic Charter (August 1941)  Shoot-on-Sight (July 1941)

FDR and Churchill meet and create Atlantic Charter

Sept – Japan joins Axis Powers U.S. prohibits the export of steel and scrap iron to Japan July 1941 – Japan occupied French Indochina FDR froze all Japanese credits in U.S. and cut off Japanese access to vital materials (oil)

 2,400 Americans killed  1,200 wounded  20 warships sunk or severely damaged  150 airplanes destroyed