Chapter 8 Intro to Routing & Switching

 Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:  Describe the structure of an IPv4 address.  Describe the purpose of the subnet mask.  Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses.  Compare the use of public and private addresses.  Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.  Describe the representation of an IPv6 address.  Describe types of IPv6 network addresses.  Configure global unicast addresses.  Describe multicast addresses.  Describe the role of ICMP in an IP network.  Use ping & traceroute to test network connectivity.

8.1

 Each host needs IP to communicate  Logical address  Assigned to the NIC  Computers, network printer, router interfaces  Remember  Packet has source & destination IP

 What protocol translates the name to the IP address?  DNS  What port does it use?  53

 Logical (not physical like MAC)  IPv4 has 32 bits, 4 octets  8 bits in each octet   Convert that to decimal:   Value in each octet from  That’s a total of 256 numbers.

 Add up the values of the binary 1’s  156  

 Binary to Decimal Conversions  Add up the bit values to come up with the decimal answer  Decimal to Binary Conversions  Convert the decimal number to bits  Binary Game  Create an account on cisco.com

 How many bits in an IPv4 address?  32  How many octets? How many bits in each?  4 octets; 8 bits in each  What can be the decimal value range of each octet?   How many numbers is 0-255?  256

8.2

 Network portion  Identifies network to the router  Router cares about this part  Host portion  Identifies the specific host  Router doesn’t care about this part Hierarchical Addressing 

 Subnet Mask  Helps router decide which network packet is on  Helps show which part of IP is network & host  32 bits   Binary 1’s - ID the network portion  Binary 0’s - ID the host portion

   What network does this belong to?

 What is the purpose of the subnet mask?  To help the router identify the destination network  A packet enters a router. Which address does it look at?  Destination IP  What process does it do with the destination IP & the subnet mask?  ANDs it  What is the result of the ANDing?  The destination network

 SM helps tells us how many hosts are on that network   Binary 0= identifies # of hosts on that network  8 ZEROS is 2 8 =256  Subtract 2 for useable number Unusable: (.0) is the network ID (.255) is the broadcast address for a network Total Useable is 254

 SM  128=  2 7 = is 126 hosts  SM  224=  2 5 = 32-2 is 30 hosts  SM .240.0=  2 12 = is 4094 hosts

 One PC is  What is network does it belong to?  How many useable hosts?  Give PC’s addresses.

8.1.4

 Class A  Large organizations   Default SM= One octet for network, 3 octets for hosts  How many hosts available? 2 24 = over 16 million   N.H.H.H  

  15= Class A  Default SM for Class A=  Network portion of address= 15.  Host portion=  Network ID=  All zero’s in the host portion  Broadcast address=  All binary one’s in the host portion

 Class B  Medium organizations   Default SM= Two octets for network, 2 octets for hosts  How many hosts available? 2 16 = over 65,000   N.N.H.H  

  167= Class B  Default SM for Class B=  Network portion of address=  Host portion=  Network ID=  All zero’s in the host portion  Broadcast address=  All binary one’s in the host portion

 Class C  Small organizations   Default SM= Three octets for network, 1 octet for hosts  How many hosts available? 2 8 = (254 useable)   N.N.N.H  

  210= Class C  Default SM for Class C=  Network portion of address=  Host portion=.89  Network ID=  All zero’s in the host portion  Broadcast address=  All binary one’s in the host portion

 Class D not for hosts  D is multicast (one to a group)   Class E not for hosts  For testing only   All 0’s in host portion(s) = network ID  All 1’s in host portion(s)= broadcast CAN NOT USE THESE ADDRESSES FOR HOSTS!

 Address  What class?  What are the network portions?  What are the host portions?  What is the network address/ID?  What is the broadcast address?  What is the first usable address?

 Lab  ANDing Activity  Determine the network address  Lots of Practice!

Which version IP addresses are we dealing with? IPv4 How many bits in an IP address? 32 How many octets in an IP address? 4 Which part of this address is the host portion?

Which network does this belong on? network How many total hosts can be on that network? Useable? , why?

8.1.4

Address Class Address Range A B C  Some addresses are reserved & can not be routed across Internet  You can have a public IP for network/servers & private for hosts inside  Saves IP addresses

 If host does not connect DIRECTLY to Internet, it can have a private IP  Router BLOCKS private IP’s  Great Security!!!  Private IP’s can not be seen from Internet  range is reserved for loopback testing  169 is APIPA (local link)- no IP received from DHCP server

 Pass or Block IP Addresses  Decide to pass or block the IP depending upon if it’s private or public  Public or Private  Drag each IP to public or private  Handout  Host, Network#, or Broadcast address, Class, default SM, usable/unusable for hosts

 What is the private range for class A?  10  What is the private range for B?   What is the private range for C?   What is unique about the private addresses?  They are not routable  What does it mean if your address is 169?  APIPA; you did not get an IP from DHCP server

8.1.3

 One-to-one or Source to destination

 One-to-all (source to all) in segment  All hosts will look at it  All 1’s in host portion(s) of address  Broadcast IP & MAC (all F’s)  Default Broadcasts  A  B  C

 One-to-group  Class D  Multicast MAC begins with E  Where is it used?  Gaming  Distance learning

 Unicast, Multicast, or Broadcast

 Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast  Look at the destination IP & click the devices that will receive it  Try it several time  Handout  DOS  Netstat –e  Do this every 10 seconds  Pay attention to non-unicast packets

; What network is this on? Which default SM has the most hosts? Class A Over 16 million! How many useable hosts in a Class C? ; What network is this on?

What are the private IP addresses? 10, , What is the MAC broadcast frame in hex? FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF What is the MAC for a multicast? E One to one communication is… Unicast To send a unicast message, which addresses do you need? Source & dest. IP & MAC

 Complete the study guide handout  Take the quiz on netacad.com  Jeopardy review

In this chapter, you learned:

Chapter 8 Intro to Routing & Switching