Excretion- How metabolic wastes are removed from the body - Wastes include heat, water, carbon dioxide, nitrogenous compounds, and salts -Made from breakdown of proteins Excretion in Protists One word Diffusion CO 2

Human Excretory System - Excretory organs include liver, kidneys, lungs and skin Liver- Detoxifies harmful materials - Removes bacteria, drugs, and hormones from blood and turns them into less harmful substances - Breaks down amino acids to form urea - Urea travels to kidneys where it is removed as urine Cirrhosis- Disease of liver - Liver is overloaded with harmful substances (alcohol) - Leads to death - Very common in alcoholics 13,000 deaths in US per year

The Lungs - Excrete carbon dioxide and waters Skin- Removes heat through sweat and capillaries dilating Urinary System Kidney’s- Bean shaped organs in lower back - Remove metabolic wastes from blood - Concentrates substances in body fluids 25% of blood pumped each minute goes to kidney’s to be filtered. Most of water removed from blood is reabsorbed in this little loop Each day about 180 L of filtrate comes out of your blood most is reabsorbed. Only about 1 to 1.5 leaves as urine.

Ureter- Where urine leaves kidney’s and travels to the bladder Bladder- Stores urine Urethra- Tube that urine leaves through

Dialysis- If kidney’s do not function properly patients blood can be cleaned with a machine - Must be done 2 – 3 times a week for rest of life

Kidney Stone’s- Some dissolved materials crystallize out in kidneys - Can be surgically removed, or sound waves or lasers can break them apart - More common in men Gout- Uric acid builds up in joints causing arthritis like symptoms

Respiration- The process by which an organism exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide Not the same as cellular respiration Respiratory Surface- Where gas exchange occurs (1) Thin walled so that…diffusion can take place easily (2) Must be moist so gases can dissolve and go into solution (3) It must be in contact with an oxygen source (4) In multicellular organisms must be in contact with transport system

Gas exchange in simple organisms takes place by diffusion O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 CO 2 Where is the CO 2 that is inside each of the organisms above coming from? What will the O 2 be used for and which organelle will it eventually end up in?

Human Respiratory System Nasal Cavity- Channels that allow air into body - Lined with ciliated cells that produce mucus - Mucus (aka snot) - sticky stuff, traps dust, bacteria etc In the nasal cavity air is: 1.) Filtered- Nose hairs trap particles, cilia and mucus trap and remove particles 2.) Moistened- Mucus added to air lets air become moist 3.) Warmed- Capillaries in nasal passage warm air before it gets to delicate tissue of lungs

Pharynx- Back of mouth Larynx (voice box)– made of mostly cartilage - Has two membranes stretched over cartilage - The epiglottis keeps food from going here Time for gross!

Trachea ( windpipe)- 12cm long 2.5 in diameter tube leading to lungs - Horseshoe shaped cartilage keeps it open at all times - Lined with cilia that will move trapped particles up to phyranx Smokers cough is caused by excess mucus building up in airways Smoking 1 cigarette stops cilia from working for 20 minutes. BronchiBranches to the two lungs - contains cilia and is ringed with cartilage - Continue to divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles - Bronchioles do not have cartilage

Alveoli (air sacs)- Found at ends of each bronchiole - Are only one cell thick and are the actually respiratory surface of the lungs - Are surrounded by capillaries - CO 2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli - O 2 diffuses from alveoli into capillaries

-smoking interferes with uptake of oxygen in air sacs - About 1/3 of particles inhaled from cigarettes remain in alveoli - Phagocytic macrophages slowly remove these particles

Gas Exchange in Humans Breathing- Involuntary process controlled by medulla of brain Diaphragm- Muscle on floor of chest - Pushes air out and can create a vacuum to let air in - Breathing rate increases with increase in CO 2 levels in blood

Diseases of the Respiratory System Asthma- Severe allergic reaction in which bronchioles contract making breathing diffucult - Rarely fatal but very uncomfortable - Inhalers used to cause bronchioles to relax

Bronchitis- Bronchial tubes become inflamed - Passageways to alveoli become swollen and clogged - Severe cough and diffuculty breathing - More common in smokers than nonsmokers Emphysema- Lungs lose elasticity - Walls of alveoli breakdown causing pockets of air to develop - People have shortness of breath - Mostly found in smokers - Chronic cough is early warning sign - Can not be cured, oxygen can be given for minor relief

Pneumonia- Alveoli fill with fluid - Can be caused by virus or bacteria - Often follows cold or sore throat - Person dies by drowning Lung Cancer- Tumors form in the lungs - Symptoms include chronic cough, bloody mucus, pain in chest - Much more common in smokers

Tuberculosis- Alveoli are attacked by bacteria causing lesions to develop in lungs - Blood absorbs bacteria from tissue, spreading them throughout body - Used to be fatal but is now highly curable Laryngitis-mucus membrane of larynx becomes inflammed - Vocal chords become inflamed causing horseness - If continues for long time could be cancer

Cystic Fibrosis- Genetic disease in which persons lungs fill with mucus - People with the disease have life expectancy of 30 years - Life expectancy is increaseing dramatically Describe a research plan for developing a new therapy for people with Cystic Fibrosis.