Chapter 9: Urban Geography Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urban: the human created built-up city space. Includes the central city, suburbs, and surrounding environs connected to the city (ex. Roadways). Is distinctively non-rural, non-agricultural, non- open space. Higher human population and increased density. When and Why People Started Living in Cities

A city is an agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics. Concept caching: Kansas City, MO

The Six Hearths of Urbanization 1.Mesopotamia, 3500 B.C.E. (SW Asia) 2.Nile River Valley, 3200 B.C.E. (North Africa) 3.Indus River Valley, 2200 B.C.E. (South Asia) 4.Huang He Valley, 1500 B.C.E. (East Asia) 5.Mesoamerica, 1100 B.C.E. (Middle America) 6.Peru, 900 B.C.E. (W South America) First Urban Revolution: The Fertile Crescent, in SW Asia (Middle East). Agricultural surplus and social stratification enabled cities to stabilize and grow. The leadership class, or urban elite - – A small group of decision makers who gained power by controlling the resources. – Monarchs, religious leaders, and warlords.

The Six Hearths of Urbanization

Served as economic nodes and chief marketplaces. Were the anchors of culture and society, the focal points of power, authority, and change. The Role of the Ancient City in Society Populations in Mesopotamia grew with the steady food supply and a sedentary lifestyle. People migrated away from the hearth, diffusing their knowledge of agriculture and urbanization. Diffusion of Urbanization

Greek and Roman Cities Greece, a secondary hearth of urbanization, because the Greek city form/function diffused around the world through European colonialism. Every city had its acropolis, on which the people built the most impressive structures. Agora (market) became the focus of commercial activity. LARGE! Urbanization diffused from Greece to the Roman Empire (Mediterranean shores, interior Europe and North Africa). Site of a city = its absolute location. – chosen for advantages in trade/defense/religion. Situation of a city is based on its role in the larger, surrounding context – A city’s situation changes with times. – Example: Rome becoming the center of the Roman Catholic Church.

Field Note “There can be few spaces of greater significance to the development of Western civilization than the Roman Forum. This was the nerve center of a vast empire that transformed the face of western Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa. It was also the place where the decisions were made that carried forward Greek ideas about governance, art, urban design, and technology. The very organization of space found in the Roman Forum is still with us: rectilinear street patterns; distinct buildings for legislative, executive, and judicial functions; and public spaces adorned with statues and fountains.”

Industrialization: Western Europe (1800s) allowed for larger urban centers and populations as factory jobs became available. – Second Agricultural Revolution – more food. – Capital from mercantilism/colonialism and nearby coal energy sources. A Second Urban Revolution Chaotic Industrial City Unregulated activities, poor living conditions, and heavy pollution. Example: Coal ash and health issues. No rights for laborers.

In mid-1800s, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels encouraged “workers of the world” to unite. Conditions in European manufacturing cities gradually improved. During the second half of the 20th century, the nature of manufacturing changed, as did its location and worker rights. Changes in European/Russian Cities

Concept Caching: Mount Vesuvius Where Cities Are Located and Why Urban geographies main components: population, trade area, and distance. – Trade dominates decision making.

Central place theory ideals for city location: 1.Surface of region would be flat and have no physical barriers. 2.Soil fertility would be the same everywhere. 3.Population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed. 4.The region would have a uniform transportation network to permit direct travel from each settlement to the other. 5.From any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance. TODAY - new factors, forces, and conditions make theory less relevant in modern times. – Example: The Sun Belt phenomenon Movement of millions of Americans from North and Northeastern states to the South and Southwest.

“Many trade areas in the United States are named, and their names typically coincide with the vernacular region, the region people perceive themselves as living in. In promoting a trade area, companies often adopt, name, or shape the name of the vernacular region. In Oklahoma, the label Green Country refers to the northeastern quarter of the state, the trade area served by Tulsa.” Credit: Brad Bays, Oklahoma State University Guest Field Note: Broken Arrow, Oklahoma

Models of the City Functional zonation: the division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions). Globalization has created common cultural landscapes in the financial districts of many world cities. Regional city models help us understand the processes that forged cities in the first place and understand the impact of modern linkages and influences now changing cities. USA’s Sector and Multiple Nuclei Models City Organization and Function

Classical Models of Urban Structure

Tysons Corner, Virginia. In the suburbs of Washington, D.C., on Interstate 495 (the Beltway), Tysons Corner has developed as a major edge city, with offices, retail, and commercial services. A North American City

Modeling Global Periphery Cities Primate cities in developing countries are megacities. Large population, vast territorial extent, rapid in- migration, and a strained, inadequate infrastructure. Concept Caching: Mumbai, India © Harm de Blij

Major Global City Models

Zoning laws: Decision-makers define areas of the city and designate the kinds of development allowed in each zone (environmental planning). Lomé, Togo. The city’s landscape reflects a clear dichotomy between the “haves” and “have-nots.” Tokyo, Japan. The city’s landscape reflects the presence of a large middle class in a densely populated city. How People Share Cities

Urban Sprawl and New Urbanism Urban sprawl: unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. New urbanism: development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.

From Colonial to Global CBD Globalization has changed former colonial port cities (ex. Mumbai, India). – A new spatially demarcated foreign presence. – A new “global CBD” at the heart of the original city (housing mostly foreign corporations and multinational companies linked mainly to the global economy). Pros and Cons?

World cities function at the global scale, beyond the reach of state borders, functioning as the service centers of the world economy. – Some countries such as the United States and Germany have two or more world cities within their state borders. – USA Example: New York City and Los Angeles City. Role Cities Play in Globalization

Cities as Spaces of Consumption Media corporations are helping transform urban centers into major entertainment districts where items are consumed. Wants, NOT needs.

Thinking through the challenges to the state presented in Chapter 8, predict whether and under what circumstances world cities could replace states as the basic and most powerful form of political organization in the world.

Homework  Read textbook ch.9  Homework : Choose one “Thinking Geographically” topic in Ch.9 textbook and answer (1 page). OR Choose a global city to research and summarize findings. List basic location, demographics, economy, and urban structure data. Ideally choose a city of interest from outside the USA.