The Enlightenment Chapter 10 Section 2, 3, & 4

Path to the Enlightenment Influenced by the Scientific Revolution Earth revolves around the sun Advances in medicine Advances in math Applied the scientific method to society Hoped to make progress towards a better society Reason, natural law, hope, progress

The Philosophers John Locke tabula rasa – “blank mind” People are molded by the experience that came through their senses from the surrounding world. Born good and equal Government’s role – to protect people’s natural rights People consent to their government People have the right to overthrow their government Two Treatises on Government Born with natural rights - “life, liberty, and property”

Smith Montes-quieu Voltaire Diderot Beccaria Wollstone-craft Philosophes Montes-quieu Voltaire Smith Rousseau Diderot Wollstone-craft Beccaria

the Philosophers Montesquieu Spirit of the Laws (1748) was a study of governments 3 Kinds of governments 1.) republics (small states) 2.) despotism (large states) one person has all the power 3.) monarchies (moderate sized states) Separation of powers – each branch of government is limited and controlled each other in a system of checks and balances.

the Philosophers Voltaire Known for his criticism of Christianity and religious tolerance Treatise on Toleration (1763) “all men are brothers under God.” deism – a religious philosophy in which a mechanic (God) creates a clock (the universe) and sets it in motion, allowing it to run on its own without his interference and according to its own natural laws.

the Philosophers Diderot Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades “change the general way of thinking” 28 Volumes, written between 1751 and 1772 became a weapon against old French society sold to doctors, teachers, clergymen, and lawyers

the Philosophers Adam Smith Wealth of Nations (1776) laissez-faire – “to let people do what they want”; the state should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces by imposing regulations on the economy. Instead it should leave the economy alone. Three basic roles of government Protect society Defend against injustice Maintain public works

the Philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau Displeased that mankind had become enslaved by government The Social Contract (1762) – presented social contract, or the belief an entire society agrees to be governed by it general will. Through the general will liberty is achieved. believed emotions as well as reason were important to human development.

the Philosophers Mary Wollstonecraft Pointed out two flaws of Enlightenment philosophers Since the oppression of government over men was wrong, men’s oppression over women equally wrong Women reason and are entitled to the same rights as men Cesare Beccaria Prior punishment for crimes was harsh On Crimes and Punishment (1764) Punishments should not be brutal Opposed capital punishment

Summary Questions What were the main problems that the enlightenment philosophers attempted to solve with their new ideas? Do you think the philosophers were successful in improving society? Why or why not?

Impact of the Enlightenment Enlightened absolutism – rulers who attempted to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining power. But were they truly enlightened 3 Examples Prussia Austria Russia

Impact of the Enlightenment For each country… identify the following Ruler(s) How was the social and political system before the enlightenment? How did rulers incorporate enlightenment ideas? Were they truly enlightened? Why or why not?

Enlightened Absolutism Were the Enlightened despots really enlightened? Support your answer with an example from each country in your group.

Prussia Rulers: Frederick William Frederick II Social system: serfdom, nobles serve in army (civil service) Political system: military power house, absolute monarchy Enlightenment reforms: Frederick II – abolished torture, more freedom of speech, religious toleration

Austria Rulers: Maria Theresa Joseph II Social system: serfdom, favored landowning nobility, many languages, religions and cultures Political system: absolute monarchy Enlightenment reforms: Maria Theresa - ease on serf’s restrictions. Joseph II – eliminated death penalty, equality before the law, religious reforms and toleration

Russia Rulers: Catherine II (The Great) Social system: serfdom, favored landowning nobility Political system: absolute monarchy, great territorial expansion Enlightenment reforms: ease on serf’s restrictions, attempted new law code (more equality under the law)

Enlightened Absolutism Only Joseph II sought changes. All interested in power and welfare of the state Used enlightenment ideas to suppress their subjects Created and lead to a rivalry among states

War of Austrian Succession Maria Theresa not seen as a legitimate ruler Prussia invades Silesia Fought in three areas of the world – Europe – Austria vs. Prussia over Silesia Asia – France took Madras from British North America – French vs. British for Fort Louisbourg Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Everything returned except Silesia

(War of Austrian Succession) Team Austria Team Prussia Old Alliances (War of Austrian Succession) Austria Great Britain Prussia France New Alliances (Seven Years’ War) Russia

Seven Years’ War War in Europe War in Asia Prussian known for strong military Gradually worn down to a stalemate Russia withdrew Ended with peace and all lands returned except for Silesia Austria accepted defeat War in Asia Britain v France Struggle for India and colonial domination British won (more persistent) Treaty of Paris

Seven Years’ War War in North America British v. French Differences in set up of colonies Fought over two main areas Gulf of St. Lawrence Ohio River Valley Clash with the Native Americans British prevailed over French in the naval battles Ended with the Treaty of Paris and British domination over American territory

Extended Response question Name two enlightenment ideas that influenced the founding documents of the United States. Include the idea, which philosopher it came from, and how we incorporated it. (6 points)

Birth of a New Nation Articles of Confederation Weak central government out of fear Federal system – national and state governments share power 3 Branches (Montesquieu’s idea) Legislative Executive Judicial Ratification by ¾ of the states (9 /13) Included the Bill of Rights First 10 amendments Protects basic freedoms based on natural rights