France  Unable to restore absolute monarchy to France  Political participation in wealthiest and most conservative  Louis XVIII in power-shares power with the legislature  Terrible politician who alienated political elite  Pressure from Britain and Russia forced Louis to accept more moderates  By 1818, France has paid off indemnity and foreign troops leave, permitting France to formally join The Concert of Europe  Decade of peace with royalists restoring the Catholic Church to France

Charles X FRANCE Takes throne in 1820 Intent on restoring absolutism Wants to restore property to those who lost it during the war Laws: censorship-guilty were severely punished 1830-royal coup d’etat Liberals demand a truly constitutional monarchy- abdicated to Louis Philippe, “bourgeois king”

Belgium, Germany, and Italy  Belgium: southern counties that were economically and religiously different from Netherlands  Insurrection in August of 1830, intervened by the Congress System  G.B. and France support Belgium’s want for independence-Louis Philippe sends in troops and Netherlands forced to acknowledge Belgium and give up Antwerp  Constitutional monarchy under the Saxe-Coburg family

Belgium, Germany, and Italy  Italy: Rise in liberalism, call for the birth of a Young Italy  Risorgimento-”to rise again” rise of nationalism in France-grows to 50,000 members  Future upheavals in the 1830s and until 1848 politics were in the hands of conservatives.  Germany: universities places where shifting politics began  Wartburg Festival-celebration of Germany, history, life, and culture.  Carlsbad Decrees of 1819-put severe limitations on the freedom of speech  1832, Hambach Festival-call for national liberalism, Metternich sent in police to investigate.

The BalkansThe Balkans  Under rule of the Ottoman Turks  Extremely diverse area  Nationalism major threat to the Ottomans-groups formed of educated, privileged people who wanted to improve rights of their people (Serbians, Romanians, and Greeks)  Want to develop their own culture, esp. language  Greek war of Independence: 1821, ended in London, created an autonomous, not independent, Greece. Then in 1830 at the Concert of Europe, Russia and France from independent Greek with constitutional monarchies-Otto of Bavaria became 1 st King

Russia  Tsar Nicholas I-crushed the Decemberists uprising in 1825  Insists Russian government be an autocracy-this form of government clashes with Poland’s autonomy, leading to a Revolt in Poland  Nicholas strengthens his rule  Emergence of intelligentsia: a group of well educated liberal reformers in Russia

Romanticism  A sense of a shared vision among the Romantics.  Early support of the French Revolution.  Rise of the individual  alienation.  Dehumanization of industrialization.  Radical poetics / politics  an obsession with violent change.

A Growing Distrust of Reason Enlightenment Romanticism Early 19c Society is good, curbing violent impulses! Civilization Corrupts The essence of human experience is subjective and emotional. Human knowledge is a puny thing compared to other great historical forces. Individual rights” are dangerous efforts at selfishness  the community is more important.

The Romantic Movement Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s. Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany. A reaction against classicism. The “Romantic Hero:”  Greatest example was Lord Byron  Tremendously popular among the European reading public.  Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness.

Characteristics of Romanticism The Engaged & Enraged Artist:  The artist apart from society.  The artist as social critic/revolutionary.  The artist as genius.

Wandering Above the Sea of Fog Caspar David Friedrich, 1818

Characteristics of Romanticism The Individual/ The Dreamer:  Individuals have unique, endless potential.  Self-realization comes through art  Artists are the true philosophers.

The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835

Characteristics of Romanticism Glorification of Nature:  Peaceful, restorative qualities [an escape from industrialization and the dehumanization it creates].  Awesome, powerful, horrifying aspects of nature.  Indifferent to the fate of humans.  Overwhelming power of nature.

The Eruption of Vesuvius - John Martin

Characteristics of Romanticism  Science can be dangerous  The “new technology” is dehumanizing  The romanticizing of country life  Romanticizing the middle ages  Nationalism  The Exotic, the occult, the macabre  Ghosts, fairies, witches, demons.  The shadows of the mind—dreams & madness.  The romantics rejected materialism in pursuit of spiritual self- awareness.  They yearned for the unknown and the unknowable.

Romanticizing country life John Constable, 1826 The Corn Field

Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows John Constable, 1831

Cloister Cemetery in the Snow Caspar David Friedrich,

Detail of the Musket Bearer Delacoix, himself

Characteristics of Romanticism Exoticism:  The “other.”  A sense of escape from reality.  A psychological/moral justification of imperialism?

The Bullfight - Francisco Goya

The Great Age of the NovelThe Great Age of the Novel Gothic Novel: Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847) Historical Novel: Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862) The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844)

The Great Age of the NovelThe Great Age of the Novel Science Fiction Novel: Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897) Novel of Purpose: Hugh Trevar - Thomas Holcroft (1794)

Great BritainGreat Britain  Perhaps most liberal, strong middle class with more political rights than anywhere else in Europe  George III and George IV discredited in Europe  Whigs-liberals  Tories conservatives

Great Britain Great Britain  GB is dominated by Tories-passing conservative legislation  Corn Laws-prevent the sale of grain (corn) until prices reached a certain level, high. This kept the price of grain and bread high.  Peterloo massacre-in Manchester, England, 60,000 people there to petition Parliament for political representation and to repeal the corn Laws. Calvary sent in, 11 killed hundreds injured  Catholic Emancipation act- a piece of more Liberal legislation, 1829 Catholics and non-dissenters can participate in Parliament and occupy Public positions

Great BritainGreat Britain  1830-George IV dies, son William IV takes the throne- in Parliament more Whigs elected, example set by France  Pass Reform Bill of 1832: increased suffrage, increased voters by 50%, redistributed electoral districts to reflect population  Factory Acts: 1833, 1842, 1847 limited number of hours that manufacturers could work women and children  Repeal the Corn Laws

Great BritainGreat Britain  Potato Famine  Queen Victoria  Chartism