Benchmarking Urban Air Quality Management in Asian Cities Cornie Huizenga, May Ajero and Herbert Fabian, CAI-Asia Secretariat Gary Haq, and Dieter Schwela, Stockholm Environment Institute Lahore Clean Air Workshop 13-15 December 2004 Lahore, Pakistan

Overview of Presentation CAI-Asia Air Quality Management Context in Asia Strategic Framework for Air Quality Management in Asia Benchmarking of Air Quality Management Capabilities in Asia

Part 1 CAI-Asia

CAI-Asia The Clean Air Initiative promotes and demonstrates innovative ways to improve the air quality of Asian Cities through sharing experiences and building partnership Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality management Capacity building Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the regional level Assisting cities in formulating and implementing integrated air quality management systems Piloting projects to encourage innovation “Create an Air Quality Management Community in Asia”

50 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region CAI-Asia Membership CITIES Bangkok,Thailand Chiang Mai,Thailand Chengdu,PRC Chittagong,Bangladesh Chongqing,PRC Colombo,Sri Lanka Dhaka, Bangladesh Guangzhou,PRC Haiphong, Viet Nam Hangzhou,PRC Hanoi,Viet Nam Harbin,PRC Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam Hong Kong, SAR, China Hyderabad, India Islamabad,Pakistan Kathmandu,Nepal Lahore, Pakistan Makati,Philippines Metro Manila, Philippines Mumbai, India Naga,Philippines Phnom Penh,Cambodia Pune, India Singapore, (NEA) Surabaya,Indonesia Tianjin,PRC Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Yogyakarta,Indonesia NGAs Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, India Australia Department of Environment and Heritage Balochistan EPA, Pakistan Central Pollution Control Board, India Department of Environment, Bangladesh Department of Forests, Ecology and Env’t, Karnataka State, India Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines Department of Energy, Philippines Department of Transportation and Communications, Philippines Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Bangladesh Environmental Protection Agency Karachi, Pakistan Ministry of Environment, Cambodia Ministry of Environment, Indonesia Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India Pollution Control Department, Thailand State Environmental Protection Administration (PRC focal point) Viet Nam Register, Viet Nam 50 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Asian Development Bank Australian Department for Environment and Heritage German Agency for Technical Cooperation The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation United States-Asia Environmental Partnership Sida World Bank FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member Ford Motor Shell Company CDT Inc. ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR Member AVL Corning ETI ACFA DEKRA ESP Cerulean EMITEC IPIECA MAHA SGS JM

What does CAI-Asia do ? Knowledge Management Capacity Building cleanairnet.org/caiasia CAI-Asia Listserv Benchmarking Study AQM Best Practices Capacity Building CATNet Asia Distance learning course Special Training Courses Regional Policy and Standards Strategic Framework for AQM in Asia CAI-Asia Oil Industry Dialogue Priority Agenda for AQM in Asia Integrated Air Quality Strategies Country and City based AQM strategies Country and city based local networks Pilot Projects PAPA Project Poverty and Air Pollution Diesel Emission Factor Development PSUTA (sustainable transport) Fuel additives Workshops BAQ 2002 BAQ 2003 BAQ 2004 Sustainable Transport, Vietnam Sustainable Urban Dev., Shanghai Heating, Ulaanbaatar Clean Air Congress, London

The Air Quality Management Context in Asia Part 2 The Air Quality Management Context in Asia

Air Quality Management Status AQM Status Asia Air Quality Management Status Drivers: trends with respect to factors contributing to increase/decrease in emissions Pressure: trends with respect to emissions from different sources State: trends with respect to concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere Impact: trends with respect to health, environmental and economic impacts Response: trends with respect to the development of capacity to manage air quality Air quality measurement capacity Data assessment and availability Emissions estimates Management enabling capabilities

Urbanization Energy consumption AQM Status Asia: drivers 100 200 300 400 500 600 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 U.S. Current Level Vehicle Population (millions) Motorization Urbanization Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, The 1999 Revision. Energy consumption - 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 3000.0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002 MTOE Vehicle growth scenario China Source: Dongquan He, Energy Foundation 2004 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2003

Emissions and Change in Technology AQM Status Asia: Pressure Emissions and Change in Technology Removal of lead from gasoline has drastically reduced lead being emitted per vehicle Energy switch e.g Coal to natural gas has contributed to lowering SO2 emissions in urban areas in China. Source: BAQ 2002 Source: Wangwongwatana, BAQ 2002 Although there is strong growth in motorization, the introduction of cleaner engines and fuels has slowed down the overall growth in emissions and there is considerable potential to slow down the increase in emissions from transport even further Source: CAI-Asia statistics 2004

Average Annual Air Pollution Concentrations (1990 - 1999) in selected Asian Cities (AMIS Database) SPM Guidelines = 60-90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979) SPM SO2 Guideline = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999) SO2 PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997) PM10 NO2 Guideline = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999) NO2

Average Annual Air Pollution Concentrations (2000 - 2003) in selected Asian Cities SPM Guidelines = 60-90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979) SPM SO2 Guideline = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999) SO2 PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997) PM10 NO2 Guideline = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999) NO2

2000 – 2003 compared with 1990 – 1999 Air Quality Data Note: ≥ - about 5% increase ≤ - about 5%decrease ? - lack of data

Annual Averages of Criteria Pollutants in Asian Cities (1992 - 2003) Source: PCD, 2004 Source: SEMC, 2004 Source: EPD, 2004 Source: ESMAP, 2004 Source: NEA, 2004 Source: ESMAP, 2004

Health Effects and Health Costs AQM Status Asia: Impact Health Effects and Health Costs Health Effects Exposure Risks Exposure Risks Number of Premature Deaths 0.46 0.62 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 US (90 Cities)* Eur (21 Studies)* Asia (6 Studies) Percent Increase 0.46 0.62 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 US (90 Cities)* Eur (21 Studies)* Asia (6 Studies) Percent Increase Risks Risks Global Global Asian Asian Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate Unsafe Unsafe 1,730,000 1,730,000 730,000 730,000 Water Water Urban Urban 799,000 799,000 487,000 487,000 Outdoor Air Outdoor Air Indoor Air Indoor Air 1,619,000 1,619,000 1,025,000 1,025,000 Source: Greenbaum and O’Keefe, BAQ 2003 Source: WHO, 2002 Health Costs Health Costs (per year) (per year) • • Manila US$392M Manila US$392M • • Shanghai US$880M Shanghai US$880M • • Bangkok US$424M Bangkok US$424M • • India US$14 to $ 191.6M India US$14 to $ 191.6M • • Jakarta US$ 100 M Jakarta US$ 100 M Source: ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines on Reducing Vehicle Emissions

Strategic Framework for Air Quality Management in Asia Part 3 Strategic Framework for Air Quality Management in Asia

A Strategic Framework for AQM in Asia Aim: To provide a regional approach to improving urban air quality by facilitating the setting of air quality priorities and providing direction on institutional development and capacity enhancement

Target Group of the Strategic Framework Governmental authorities Judiciary Private sector Civil society NGOs Media Academia Development agencies

Strategic Framework Objectives Guide decision-makers and stakeholders in Asia in the formulation and implementation of AQM strategies and programmes Provide a broad, high-level approach that is flexible and adaptable to the needs of different countries/cities Highlight the most important components of a comprehensive AQM system in a rational and systematic manner

Key Sections of the Framework Air Quality Policies 2. Air Quality Governance 3. Emissions 4. Air Quality Monitoring 5. Air Quality Modelling 6. Health, Environmental & Economic Risk Assessments 7. Financing of AQM

Strategic Framework – Outline (1) Air Quality Governance SECTION OF THE SF OBJECTIVE 1 Air Quality Policies To include and/or strengthen the concept of AQM in relevant policies and legislation in cities/ countries in the region 2 Air Quality Governance To facilitate law enforcement, to inform, educate and strengthen stakeholder participation in all aspects of AQM to prevent and reduce the impacts of air pollution 3 Emissions To include and/or strengthen enforceable, affordable, sustainable and highly effective measures to assess and reduce emissions

Strategic Framework – Outline (2) SECTION OF THE SF OBJECTIVE 4 Air Quality Modelling To support and strengthen national and local air quality estimates and allow source apportionment and estimations of transboundary air pollution 5 Air Quality Monitoring To establish and/or strengthen national and local air quality monitoring programmes 6 Health, Environmental and Economic Risk Assessments To establish and/or strengthen national and local programmes which monitor health, environmental and economic impact of air pollution in an harmonized way.

Strategic Framework – Outline (3) SECTION OF THE SF OBJECTIVE 7 Financing of AQM To establish mechanisms for financial sustainability in regional, national and local air quality, environmental and health programmes including financing from private sector and other sources

Benchmarking of Air Quality Management Capabilities in Asia Part 4 Benchmarking of Air Quality Management Capabilities in Asia

Benchmarking of AQM capacity AQM Status Asia: Response Benchmarking of AQM capacity Cities covered in Benchmarking Study Jakarta Karachi Kathmandu Manila Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Osaka Seoul Shanghai Surabaya Singapore Taipei Tokyo Yogyakarta Bangkok Beijing Busan Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Hong Kong Ho Chi Minh 1. Air quality measurement capacity 4. Management enabling capabilities 3. Emissions estimates 2. Data assessment and availability AQM Questionnaire AQM Profile 15-20 page document: general information description of pollution sources Air Quality Data Impacts of air pollution Policies, Programs and Projects Conclusions Review Both city profile and questionnaire to be reviewed by air quality experts in the city Overall review panel (e.g. WHO, World Bank and ADB, etc)

AQM Indicator Ratings AQM Status Asia: Response Air quality measurement capacity Data assessment and availability Emissions estimates Management enabling capabilities Chronic health effects Acute health effects (continuous 24-hour monitoring) AQ trends Spatial distribution Kerbside concentration Data quality Analysis of data Data dissemination Total emissions of pollutants Accuracy of emissions estimates Availability of emissions estimates Emissions estimates from different sources Legislation on AQ standards Utilization of AQ information 3 14 8 8 11 2.5 6 17 3 9 3 2 2.5 11

Air Quality Measurement Capacity AQM Capability Indices AQM Status Asia: Response Air Quality Measurement Capacity AQM Capability Indices Bangkok  Manila  Beijing Mumbai  Busan New Delhi Colombo  Osaka Dhaka Seoul Hanoi Shanghai Ho Chi Minh Singapore Hong Kong Surabaya Jakarta Taipei,China Karachi Tokyo Kathmandu Yogyakarta Kolkata Only in few cases are monitoring stations linked in a network Routine regulatory monitoring generally does not (yet) include ozone and PM 2.5 QA/QC programs are not institutionalized in most cases Legend: Minimal  Limited  Moderate  Good  Excellent 

Data Assessment and Availability AQM Capability Indices AQM Status Asia: Response Data Assessment and Availability AQM Capability Indices Bangkok  Manila  Beijing Mumbai  Busan  New Delhi Colombo  Osaka Dhaka Seoul Hanoi Shanghai Ho Chi Minh Singapore Hong Kong Surabaya Jakarta Taipei,China Karachi Tokyo Kathmandu Yogyakarta Kolkata A few cities have APIs, but not all publish AQ information on a regular basis. API’s in most cases do not include pollutants of concern such as PM10 or Ozone. Cities with API do not appear to use API as management tool, e.g. issue air quality alerts Comprehensive overview of air quality data in Asia is not available

Emissions estimates AQM Capability Indices AQM Status Asia: Response Emissions estimates AQM Capability Indices Inventories in many of the cases were conducted by outside groups: academe or consulting firms Level of detail/ disaggregation varies greatly Reliability of activity data and Emission factors used is questionable for many of the cities Caution in using current emission estimates as basis for policy development Bangkok  Manila  Beijing Mumbai  Busan New Delhi Colombo  Osaka Dhaka Seoul Hanoi  Shanghai Ho Chi Minh Singapore Hong Kong Surabaya Jakarta Taipei,China Karachi Tokyo Kathmandu Yogyakarta Kolkata

Management Enabling capabilities AQM Capability Indices AQM Status Asia: Response Management Enabling capabilities AQM Capability Indices Bangkok  Manila  Beijing Mumbai  Busan New Delhi Colombo  Osaka Dhaka Seoul Hanoi  Shanghai Ho Chi Minh Singapore Hong Kong Surabaya Jakarta Taipei,China Karachi Tokyo Kathmandu Yogyakarta Kolkata AQ ambient standards are in place and generally follow WHO guidelines Emission standards are in place but enforcement generally weak Mobile sources of pollution receive disproportionate attention compared to area sources and stationary sources.

AQM Management Capacity AQM Status Asia: Response AQM Management Capacity Stage 5 – Excellent capacity. AQM is a routine activity; well established local institutional capacity; typically stable AQ levels and under WHO guidelines and NAAQS; strong emphasis on pollution prevention; AQ and emission standards are routinely enforced. Hong Kong, Osaka, Seoul, Singapore, Tokyo and Taipei Stage 4 – Mature capacity. AQM is increasingly comprehensive and well structured; external, donor involvement limited only to special areas; AQ levels approaching WHO guidelines as well as NAAQS; continuous AQ monitoring; development of medium-term AQM strategies; emerging emphasis on prevention of pollution; enforcement of standards becoming standard practice Bangkok, Beijing, Busan, New Delhi and Shanghai Stage 3 – Evolving capacity. Systematic approach to AQM being put in place, often with still extensive foreign support; AQ monitoring increasingly through continuous monitoring; air pollution levels high but stable; more structured approach to enforcement emerging. Ho Chi Minh, Jakarta, Kathmandu, Kolkata, Manila and Mumbai Stage 2 – Basic capacity. Initial legislation, standards and control measures; heavy dependence on foreign support; AQ levels high and still increasing; few, often manual type stations for monitoring; often very weak AQ regulations enforcement Dhaka, Hanoi, Surabaya and Yogyakarta Stage 1 – Minimal capacity. No established AQM capacity; increasing air pollution levels; no comprehensive AQ legislation and standards; limited ad-hoc AQ monitoring and pollution control Colombo and Karachi Classification according to stages is based on AQ capability questionnaire, AQ levels and City profile. Source: Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities of Asia – Stage 2 (draft)

Conclusion Cities with high levels of economic activity and well-developed AQM systems tend to have better air quality than those cities with a poorly developed AQM system More emphasis needs to be given to the development of standard methodologies for conducting emission inventories and source apportionment studies The identified stages of development in terms of AQM capability can assist cities in setting priorities and developing strategies for strengthening their AQM capability This Benchmarking Study is a useful tool for policy-makers and AQM experts, but methodologies should be modified to adapt to the current situation and new priorities in AQM