Regulation Nervous – short, fast response Endocrine – long, slow response

I. Nerves A.Made up of neurons B.Three types 1.Sensory neurons – transmit impulses from sense organs (eyes, ears, tongue, nose and skin) to brain and spinal cord 2.Motor neurons – transmit impulses from brain and spinal cord to effectors (muscles and glands) 3.Interneuron – found inside brain and spinal cord, transmit impulses from sensory to motor neurons

I. Nerves

II. Central Nervous System A.Brain 1.Large mass of nerve cells protected by skull 2.Three parts a.Cerebrum 1)Largest part of brain 2)Center for thought, memory and learning 3)Receives and interprets messages from sense organs 4)Initiates ALL voluntary (conscious) movements

II. Central Nervous System b.Cerebellum 1)Located below and behind cerebrum 2)Coordinates ALL motor activities 3)Maintains balance c.Medulla 1)Base of brain connects to spinal cord 2)Controls involuntary activity (breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, peristalsis)

II. Central Nervous System

B.Spinal Cord 1.Surrounded and protected by vertebrae of backbone 2.Coordinates activities between brain and body structures

III. Peripheral Nervous System A.All neurons outside CNS carry impulses from spinal cord to rest of body B.Two divisions 1.Somatic Nervous System a.Nerves control mvmts of VOLUNTARY muscles of body and sensory nerves that transmit impulses from receptors to CNS

III. Peripheral Nervous System 2.Autonomic Nervous System a.Nerves control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands b.INVOLUNTARY CONTROL (heartbeat, peristalsis, respiration)

IV. Behavior & Nervous System A.Habit 1.Learned behavior becomes automatic through repetition 2.Repetition makes faster pathways for response to a certain stimulus 3.Riding bike / Throwing a ball

IV. Behavior & Nervous System B.Reflexes 1.Automatic, inborn response to certain stimulus 2.Follows reflex arc (Stimulus-Receptor- Sensory Neuron-Interneuron-Motor Neuron-Effector/Muscle) 3.Protective in nature, rapid response to dangerous stimulus

IV. Behavior & Nervous System

V. Disorders A.Cerebral Palsy 1.Caused by damage to parts of brain that controls voluntary mvmt 2.Damage occurs during development Boy using sensors to teach him how to walk.

V. Disorders B.Meningitis 1.Inflammation of membranes around brain and spinal cord 2.Caused by bacterial or viral infections 3.Headache, muscle stiffness, fever and chills

V. Disorders C.Stroke 1.Brain is damaged from broken blood vessel or blood clot in brain D.Polio 1.Virus attacks CNS, causing paralysis or breathing difficulties, can be prevented by vaccination

VI. Endocrine Glands A.Hypothalamus 1.Small part of brain that secretes hormones that affect pituitary gland B.Pituitary gland 1.Located at base of brain 2.Growth Stimulating Hormone – stimulate growth of long bones 3.Thyroid Stimulating Hormone – stimulate secretion of thyroxin (from thyroid) 4.Follicle Stimulating Hormone – stimulates development of follicles in ovaries of females and sperm development in males

VI. Endocrine Glands C.Thyroid gland 1.Located in neck and produces Thyroxin 2.Thyroxin regulates rate of metabolism D.Parathyroid glands 1.Inside Thyroid gland makes parathormone (controls Ca metabolism)

VI. Endocrine Glands E.Adrenal glands 1.On top of each kidney 2.Secretes adrenaline (inc blood sugar, heartbeat and breathing, fight or flight) F.Islets of Langerhans 1.Inside pancreas 2.Insulin – absorption of sugar from blood into body cells 3.Glucagon – convert glycogen into glucose to raise blood sugar levels

VI. Endocrine Glands G.Gonads 1.Testes a.Testosterone – development of male sex organs and sex characteristics, also production of sperm 2.Ovaries a.Estrogen – development of female sex organs and characteristics also production of egg cells b.Progesterone – thickening of uterine lining to prepare for implantation of embryo (fertilized egg)

VI. Endocrine Glands

VII. Feedback A.Positive 1.One substance increases another 2.Effect of Estrogen on Uterine lining B.Negative 1.Level of one hormone stimulates / inhibits the production of another 2.[thyroxin] in blood is low, pituitary releases TSH. TSH stimulates thyroid to release thyroxin. When [thyroxin] reaches a certain level secretion of TSH by pituitary is stopped. Allow body to control [thyroxin], to maintain homeostasis

VII. Feedback (TRH) (TSH)

VIII. Disorders A.Goiter 1.Enlarged thyroid 2.Cause – lack of iodine in diet

VIII. Disorders B.Diabetes 1.Islets of Langerhans do not secret enough insulin into blood stream 2.Blood glucose level is inc (not enough glucose in cells) Type 1 Diabetes (autoimmune)