IB DP GEOGRAPHY D ROUGHTS - H ORN OF A FRICA AFTER A CONTINOUS LACK OF RAIN IN LATE 2010 Olivia Stroobants, Kathianna Oppenhuizen & Cicely Blain

R EGION ’ S POPULATION & E CONOMY Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia

R EGION ’ S POPULATION & E CONOMY Region’s population – 110 milllion people (estimation) 13 Million people affected

D JIBOUTI 774,389 (July 2012) Economy based on service activities Most food is imported due to inadequate rainfall limiting crop growth Exports: re-exports, hides (blankets) and skins, coffee Very few natural resources and industry Unemployment rate of nearly 60% in urban areas

E THIOPIA 93,815,992 (July 2012) Economy based on agriculture, accounting for almost 50% of GDP, and 85% of total employment Agricultural section often affected by droughts and poor cultivation factors Coffee is critical to the Ethiopian economy with exports of some $350 million in 2006 Exports: coffee,gold, leather products, live animals, oilseeds

E RITREA 6,086,495 (July 2012) command economy under the control of the sole political party Nearly 80% of population involved in subsistence agriculture About 20% in services and industry Exports : livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small manufactures

S OMALIA 10,085,638 (July 2012) Economy mainly based on livestock remittance transfer companies and telecommunications Agriculture is most important sector, livestock provides about 40% of the country’s GDP Exports: livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal

P REPARATION OF POPULATION FOR DROUGHTS Droughts occurred after two very dry seasons (‘failed rainy seasons’) The Famine Early Warning Systems Network, started noticing the droughts in August 2010 In January 2011 the American ambassador of Kenya ‘declared disaster and called for urgent assistance.’ Food supplied to region by USA, but not enough Farmers very badly affected also due to increasing food and fuel prices Resulted in increased poverty

V ULNERABILITY OF POPULATION Ethiopia & Kenya suffering partly due to poor land management strategies, poor sanitation,etc little they can due People from Somalia (15,000 per month) are fleeing to camps in Ethiopia & Kenya – overfull – suffering from droughts Walking long distances to these camps Many people – children dying of starvation

P ROBABILITY OF DROUGHTS IN THE HORN OF A FRICA High probability 40% likelihood in Eastern and Western Ethiopia and Western Kenya 45% likelihood in other parts of Ethiopia and Kenya 20% likelihood in Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia thanks to the Gulf of Eden and the Red Sea Due to arid & semi-arid climates The Horn of Africa is expected to experience Drought Locust infestation Flooding at least once or twice per year.

H OW OFTEN HAS THIS HAZARD OCCURRED IN THE PAST ? Occurs annually or bi-annually but the most severe cases were in; – the worst case of drought in the Horn of African for over 60 years.

M ANAGEMENT STRATEGIES BY THE COMMUNITY AND THE GOVERNMENT The following initiatives have helped to prevent droughts and help the community to recover following a drought: Pastoralist Livelihoods Initiative (PLI) Enhanced Livelihoods in the Mandera Triangle/Southern Ethiopia (ELMT/ELSE) programme, Regional Resilience Enhancement Against Drought (RREAD) programme UNEP UNDP ‘Doctors without borders’

S PATIAL EXTENT OF THE DROUGHT IN 2011 Kenya 3.2 million 350,000 people camp at Dadaab Ethiopia 3.2 million Somalia 2.6 million Djibouti 100,000 Uganda Sudan South Sudan

C AUSES OF THE DISASTER The Horn of Africa experienced its worst drought in more than 60 years following two failed rainy seasons. the main climatic trigger for the droughts is La Niña

I MPACTS OF THE DISASTERS Drought affects the four dimensions of food security: availability, stability, access and utilization Drought impacts on agriculture Drought on human health Drought ranks as the single most common cause of severe food shortages droughts cause displacement of people, migration and loss of human life

M AGNITUDE, DURATION AND SPEED OF ONSET OF THE DROUGHT

R ESPONSES & PERCEPTION TO THE DISASTER In the Horn of Africa especially, drought is part and parcel of daily life. The drought had been mounting for a year, but it wasn’t until the crisis peaked over the summer that the news media and most international donors took notice. Donors and national governments proved unable to address the crisis effectively in its early stages.

F UTURE ACTIONS TO REDUCE FUTHER DROUGHTS & RISKS Horn of Africa Drought needs sustainable solutions to prevent a reoccurrence of this situation in the medium and long-term Investing in the restoration and maintenance of the Earth's ecosystems can have a key role in countering climate change as well as climate-proofing vulnerable economies. Adaptation Measures: supporting the restoration of Kenya's Mau forest to help introduce new policies in Ethiopia, that will assist pastoralists in managing climate change risks and shocks in six districts councils to help improved drought resilience and water security

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