(Middle East, Africa, China, Latin America) Chapter 18: Nationalism

Nationalism in the Middle East Before WWI, Ottoman Empire was sided with Germany Britain used Lawrence (of Arabia) to defeat the Ottoman empire

Nationalism in the Middle East Following WWI, in October 1918, the Ottoman Empire fell Great Britain and France divided the Empire (made the state Turkey)

Massacre of the Armenians During the war, Ottoman Empire killed Christian Armenian men and expelled woman and children (first genocide) By 1915, 1 million were dead.

The Creation of Turkey Mustafa Kemal was elected as president Democratic state Economy was modernized Reject religious influences in politics Women given rights

Modern Iran European often protected Persian rulers 1908-oil was discovered Foreign presence led to a Persian Nationalist movement

Arab Nationalism Ibn Saud founder of Saudi Arabia and its first king (1932) Won support with his reforms Brought money to the people

Ibn Saud Reforms He forced many of the nomad tribes to adopt a settled way of life and to abandon their private wars and vendettas suppressed the robbery and extortion that formerly harassed pilgrims to Mecca and Medina

Ibn Saud Reforms: Oil In 1936 and 1939 he granted oil concessions to American companies The oil deposits of Arabia proved to be among the richest in the world, and Ibn Saud used some of the income derived from them on national improvements.

Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Nationalism in Africa and Asia During WWI, Black Africans fought and when they returned, they expected their independence After the war, France and Great Britain controlled most of Africa through mandates by the League of Nations After the war, Africans knew about freedom and Nationalism and demanded reforms Guerilla warfare used against their European overlord By the 1930’s, Europeans tried reforms, but it was too late.

Indian Movement: Mohandas Gandhi wanted Indian self rule AKA: Mahatma: “Great Soul”

Protest and Reform Gandhi- Believer in nonviolence Began protest against civil disobedience (refusal to obey laws that are unjust) 1919 protest led to violence (Gandhi's arrest) 1935 Government of India Act Indians - allowed into government positions Small amounts were allowed to vote

A Push for Independence Indian National Congress under M. Nehru competed against Gandhi Movement split Gandhi: Religious, Indian and traditional J. Nehru: Secular, western, and modern Conflict began between the Muslims and Hindus

The Rise of Japan Four companies controlled majority of the Japanese economy Few wealthy and many poor Rise in Nationalism wanted Japan to dominate Asia and meet it’s needs

Japan and the West Japan has trouble with neutral resources At the end of World War I, they had seized Formosa, Rorer, and Manchuria United States worried about Japanese expansion because of trading in the region Manchuria

Rise of Militarism Militant forces encouraged Japan to become Militarist Mid-level army officials invaded Manchuria Emperor Hirohito feared the dynasty may fall Allowed the military leaders to run the government

Nationalism and Chaos in China By 1920, two political forces emerged to challenge the Chinese government: Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party (CCP) In 1923, they formed an alliance to drive imperialistic leaders out of China

Shanghai Massacre 1925, Sun Yat-sen dies Chiang Kai-shek new head of the Nationalists April 1927, he killed thousands of Communists in the Shanghai Massacre. The alliance ceased to exist.

The Communists in Hiding After the massacre, CCP leaders went into hiding into the city to try to revive the CCP among the working class. The movement was then led by Mao Zedong in Jiangxi.

Guerilla Tactics Chiang Kai-shek turned toward Jiangxi and outnumbered Mao’s troops. Mao made effective use of guerilla tactics to fight the enemy advances.

The Long March 1934, Chiang Kai-shek surrounded Jiangxi. Mao’s army, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), broke through and began the famous Long March 90,000 traveled by foot for one year and over 6,000 miles. Only 9,000 made it.

Chiang’s Successes Undertook a massive road-building project. Repaired and extended the railway system. Established a national bank. Improved the education system.

Chiang’s Failures 1930 land reform program. There was no redistribution of wealth. Government was repressive and censored any free expression. Alienated many intellectuals and political moderates.

Nationalism in Latin America The Latin American economy was based largely on agricultural goods, exports of food and raw materials.

Exports Argentina –beef & wheat Chile – Nitrates & copper Brazil and Caribbean nations – sugar Central America - bananas

Role of the United States 1920’s, U.S. replaced Britain as the foremost investor in Latin America U.S. put funds directly into production and ran companies themselves. U.S. owned the United Fruit Company and controlled copper mining in Chile & Peru and oil industries in Mexico, Peru, & Bolivia.

Role of the United States Big investor in Latin America Latin America companies depended on the U.S. for money Made a lot of people upset with the U.S.

Good Neighbor Policy Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy-rejects the use of U.S. military force in Latin America FDR withdrew the last marines from Haiti in 1934.

Impact of the Great Depression Terrible impact on the Latin American economy. Exports were no longer in demand. One positive: Great Depression forced the development of new industries. Most industry was government run.

The Move to Authorization Most L.A. countries had republican forms of government. In reality, they were run by the church, military leaders, & large landowners. They used military force to maintain power. Unrest caused leaders to exercise stricter controls. Examples: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina

Argentina Controlled by an oligarchy (Government by a few) Made up of the wealthy landowners. 1916, Hipolito Irigoyen, Radical Party, elected president of Argentina He feared industrial workers, so got close to land owners 1930, military overthrew the government & reestablished the oligarchy.

Argentina During World War II, military officers formed the Group of United Officers GOU overthrew the government in 1943 Juan Peron elected president 1889, formed a republican government. Controlled by landed elites who became wealthy by growing coffee

Brazil By 1900, ¾ of world’s coffee was grown in Brazil. Great Depression hurt coffee prices.

Brazil 1930, military coup made Getulio Vargas president of Brazil 1937, Vargas made himself dictator and established a Fascist dictatorship. (complete power) 1945, the army forced Vargas to resign.

Mexico The post-revolution government was democratic in form. The PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) controlled politics. 1934, Lazaro Cardenas became president

Mexico He wanted to follow through with the ideas of the revolution. He redistributed land to peasants and took a strong stand with the U.S., especially over oil

Mexico After a dispute, Cardenas seized control of the oil fields. U.S. oil companies asked FDR to intervene, but he refused. Mexico paid for the property and set up PEMEX.