BLOOD

LG4: Understand basic principles of HEREDITY, including: How we inherit blood type How blood cells help the body maintain health/function

What Good is Blood? Blood is a mixture of two components: cells and plasma. The heart pumps blood through the arteries, capillaries and veins to . . . provide oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body. The blood also carries away waste products.

How much? The adult human body contains 5 liters (2 ½ soda bottles) of blood = 7-8 % of a person's body weight. Almost 3/5 of blood is plasma and the rest is the cellular portion.

Red Blood Cells Transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body. Hemoglobin is the protein in RBC’s that carries the oxygen.

White Blood Cells Also called leukocytes Circulate in the blood so that they can be transported to an area where an infection has developed (part of immune system). Normal adult body has an average of 7,000 WBCs per microliter of blood (1/100 of a drop!) Increased number of WBCs in your blood is a sign of an infection somewhere in your body.

Plasma Liquid portion of the blood that cells float in Dissolved in plasma are electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulins (antibodies to fight infection).

Donating Blood Adults can donate is 1 pint (450 milliliters) every 8 weeks Blood is mixed with chemicals (CPD) to prevent clotting. 13 million units of blood are donated in the United States each year. Blood donor must be at least 17 years old, be healthy, and weigh over 110 pounds.

Each unit of blood… Is separated into several components so that each component can be given to someone with the specific need. Therefore, a single unit of blood can help many people. These components include: Packed RBCs Fresh frozen plasma Platelets WBCs Plus many more!

Blood Types There are four major blood types: A, B, AB, and 0. The blood types are determined by proteins called antigens on the surface of the RBC.

What happens when… you are given the wrong blood? Your blood is either attacked or begins to attack the “new” blood depending on what antigens you already have. Blood clots can begin to form which can cause death due to the size of the clots.

Is clotting good or bad? BOTH! You want blood to clot when you have a scrape or cut- it will help it heal! You DON’T want blood to clot and form clots large enough to cut off the blood flow to areas of the body!

Blood Clotting                                                                                                                         

O – universal donor AB – universal recipient

Who has what… (U.S)? Type A: 40% of the white population, 27% of African Americans, 28% of Asians, and 16% of Native Americans are type A. Type B: 11% of the white population, 20% of African Americans, 27% of Asians, and 4% of Native Americans are type B. Type O: 45% of the white population, 49% of African Americans, 40% of Asians, and 79% of Native Americans are type O. Type AB: 4% of the white population, 4% of African Americans, 5% of Asians, and less than 1% of Native Americans are type AB.

Percentage of Each Blood Type

Rh Factor The Rh factor or Rhesus factor is used to describe blood that has a certain protein. If you are Rh + you have the protein If you are Rh – you do not have the protein Blood types: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, o+, o-

How is My Blood Type Determined? Possible Genotypes and Phenotypes Allele parent 1 Parent 2 Genotype of offspring Phenotype of offspring A AA B AB o Ao BA BB Bo oo Human blood types are determined by two co-dominant (A & B)or recessive (o) alleles. Each person receives an A, B, or an o gene (allele) from each parent.

Let’s practice with Punnett Squares

Blood Types Punnett Squares! Mom: AB Dad: A (genotype is AO) MOM: A B DAD: A o AA (A) AB Ao (A) Bo (B)

What if… Mom: AB Dad: oo

MOM: A B DAD: o Ao(A) Bo (B) Ao(A) Bo(B)

What If… Dad: AB Mom: AB

MOM: A B DAD: A B AA (A) AB AB BB (B)

Can you create a Punnett square where offspring would be type O, and neither parent has type O blood?