New and Emerging Invasive Forest Pests Invasive Species Exclusion Unit Plant Protection Division, Minnesota Department of Agriculture

Alien, Exotic or Invasive Invasive species: alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health (Executive Order 13112).

Invasive species management Prevention Early detection & Rapid response Control & Management Restoration & Rehabilitation National Strategy and Implementation Plan for Invasive Species Management -- US Forest Service

The Pests: Emerald ash borer Gypsy moth Asian longhorned beetle European woodwasp Pathogens

Emerald ash borer

David Cappaert,, EAB Lifecycle: Adults Art Wagner, Bugwood.org

Where is EAB?

EAB Readiness Plan Objectives: Delay the introduction and establishment of EAB in Minnesota Department of Agriculture Identify and prepare outreach, education and training University of Minnesota Provide the basis for long-term sustainability Department of Natural Resources Develop political support to ensure adequate funding and regulation S&S Tree Specialists, Inc.

Delay Introduction & Establishment

Prevention –Regulation & Education

Delay Introduction & Establishment

Early Detection – Detection Trees

Early Detection – First Detector Network

EAB Reporter EAB First Detector Minnesota Department of Agriculture “Do I Have EAB?” Checklist EAB Decision Tree Early Detection – First Detector Network

Early Detection – Purple Traps

What is Minnesota Doing About EAB?

Rapid Response - EAB Response Plan

Point source pre- adult emergence Non-point source mile radius quarantine 2. Eradication possible, depends on situation 1. County quarantine 2. Suppression best option Point source post-adult emergence 1. Site quarantined 2. Eradication best option Rapid Response Scenarios

What is Minnesota Doing About EAB?

Management – Current Research Silvicultural Resistant tree varieties Population dynamics and spread under different management strategies including sanitation, phloem reduction, islands of attraction Chemical Systemic pesticides – imidacloprid, dinotefuron, emamectin benzoate Biological 3 species of parasitic wasps researched, 2 released? Naturalized wasp switching to EAB?

John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service Gypsy Moth

Gypsy Moth Life Cycle

Gypsy moth is a tree defoliator Trees are stressed, leaving them susceptible to other pests and diseases Each caterpillar consumes 3 square feet of foliage! July Why Be Concerned?

Preferred eaten by all stages of larvae Oak, aspen, willow, white and river birch, basswood, larch, mountain-ash, alder and apple Hawthorn, hazelnut, hophornbeam, hornbeam, serviceberry, witch-hazel Less-preferred eaten by older larvae Yellow birch, boxelder, butternut, black walnut, cherry, eastern cottonwood, elm, hackberry, hickory, red and sugar maple, pine, and spruce Blueberries, pin cherry, chokecherry, sweet fern Avoided rarely fed upon ash, cedar, fir, silver maple, catalpa, mulberry and many urban species Dogwood, elderberry, grape, greenbrier, juniper, raspberry, viburnum, and buckthorn!! Host Preference

Natural 1 ¼ miles per year due to larval dispersal (ballooning) Spread Artificial Egg masses or other life stages are transported by humans miles per year ( )

Detection surveys began in 1973 –First male moth captured in 1976 –Over 11,000 moths caught to date Treated over 140,000 acres Cooperative Program –State: MDA, DNR, and University of Minnesota –Federal: USDA-APHIS, PPQ and the US Forest Service Gypsy Moth in Minnesota

Gypsy Moth Quarantine

Suppression Gypsy moth populations established/reproducing Treat outbreaks locally to decrease natural spread to < 6 km/yr Slow the Spread Targeted treatments to decrease population pressure Eradication Eliminate start-up populations Management Nationally

Parts of the state are in both Eradication and the Slow the Spread stages of gypsy moth management. Minnesota’s varied habitats can and will sustain gypsy moth populations Survey program is key along with strong regulatory cooperation from the general public and industry “Slow the Spread” to less than 6 kilometers per year Eradication to eliminate infestations Management in Minnesota

2008 Treatments

Asian longhorned beetle

Anoplophora glabripennis (Cerambycidae) Native to China & Korea US detection, 1996 Prefered hosts: –Acer (maple), Salix (willow), Ulmus (elm), Aesculus (buckeye) Acceptable hosts: –Betula (birch), Fraxinus (ash)

1 year Asian longhorned beetle

Green = Not found Purple = Established Tan = Being eradicated NAPIS, 2008

No traps available Nursery inspections –Examine stock for signs of infestation –367 growers & 275 dealers in 2006 –Similar effort for 2007 Asian longhorned beetle

Quarantine Eradication –Host tree removal –Insecticides Asian longhorned beetle

European wood wasp

Life cycle forestryimages.org Amylostereum areolatum Phytotoxic mucus 1 to 3 years forestryimages.org K. Loeffler, Cornell Univ.

Signs of infestation Round, 3-8 mm holes forestryimages.org Drooping needles Brown staining Resin beads Frass-filled galleries

Distribution K.L. Carnes, NYSDAM Forestryimages.org Native Range Introduced US FS

● ● ● ● 2008

Pine species susceptibility VERY HIGHHIGHMEDIUMLOW AustrianLodgepoleKnobconeEastern white Monterey*JackSandBristlecone Loblolly*JefferyApacheFoxtail ScotchPonderosaSpruceCom. pinyon RedBishopCoulter ShortleafLongleafLimber SlashTable mtn.Southwestern VirginiaPitchSugar PondWestern white Gray Arizona Torrey D. Haugen Very rare on larch, spruce & fir

Impact Tree mortality, reduced commodity value & loss of markets Native range: Secondary pest Adventive range: Significant losses in overstocked & stressed plantations –Up to 80% tree mortality in Australia –North America: ???

Prevention Pest risk assessment Regulatory work –e.g., inspect high risk pathways Education –e.g., firewood risks

Early detection Lure: alpha pinene (70%) & beta pinene (30%)

Early detection Species Sirex noctilio00 Sirex edwardsii17127 Sirex juvencus41 Sirex nigricornis14534 Tremex columba218 Urocerus albicornis111 Urocerus cressoni1914 Xeris spectrum04 * all MN sites, traps and dates combined (2,725 samples)

Contact information Arrest the Pest Hotline –Greater MN = –Metro area = pestmanagement/invasives.htm