U.S. Blood Lead Reduction Activities Outlook Industrial Health Committee Co-Chair Battery Council International Troy A. Greiss June 19, 2013

Current U.S. OSHA Standard 1978 Permissible exposure limit (PEL) for employees ≤ 50 μg/m 3 (using engineering controls, PPE and work practices) MRP ≥ 60 μg/dL single test with follow-up or ≥ 50 μg/dL average of last three tests (phased in 1983) Return at ≤ 40 μg/dL across two consecutive tests

Considerable New Findings Since 1978 in U.S. and Europe Lead Industry produced EC Voluntary Risk Assessment for Lead (2008) Final NTP report issued (2012) New CDC Reference Value (2012)

NTP Monograph on Health Effects of Low-Level Lead (June 2012) Effects in Children and Adults due to Low Level Lead – “there is sufficient evidence for adverse health effects in children and adults at blood Pb levels <10 μg/dL, and <5 μg/dL as well.” Did not directly address occupational exposures

CDC Advisory Committee for Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention (January 2012) Recommended “Reference Value” for Children – 5 μg/dL, equal to 97.5 percentile Updated every 4 years – No longer using the “Level of Concern” framework Will impact other standards which reference CDC’s recommendations

OSHA-Industry Voluntary Blood Lead Reduction Agreement U.S. industry has voluntary removal and return levels well below OSHA requirements Five-year voluntary agreement (1997) Reduced medical removal level to 40 µg/100g Return rate reduced to 35 µg/100g BCI members continue to implement

New Blood Lead Reduction Targets Following EU-U.S. industry coordination, the BCI Committees voted on June 11 th to recommend BCI Board consideration of EUROBAT’s new blood lead reduction target of 30 µg/dL EUROBAT’s blood lead reduction guidelines will not be referenced; how to meet the target will be up to each BCI member

Current Cal OSHA Draft Removal Single test ≥ 30 µ g/dL; OR Two tests ≥ 20 µ g/dL Return ≤ 15 µ g/dL (two consecutive tests) PEL recommendation expected late 2013

Upcoming Cal OSHA Action Cal/OSHA to combine MRP and PEL OEHHA Pharmacokinetic White Paper on air-lead to blood lead relationship expected later this Summer – Will be basis for CDPH PEL recommendation Next Steps – OEHHA submits modeling to CDPH (est. Q2 2013) – CDPH submits recommendations to Cal/OSHA (est. Q3/Q4 2013) – Cal/OSHA releases proposed rule (est. early 2014) – Cal/OSHA public meetings (est. early 2014) – Final Rule (UNKNOWN)

BCI National Data 2011 Battery manufacturing industry data: – mean 12.7 – 97.6% < 30 µg/dL – 79.7% < 20 µg/dL Secondary smelter data – mean 14.2 – 95.1% < 30 µg/dL – 74% < 20 µg/dL

Particle Size Monitoring Battery study done 2012 – Indicates significant presence of larger lead particles known to be less harmful Smelter monitoring completed January 2013 – Five smelters – Data analysis in progress

Thank You