Volume of oceans: ~1.37 Billion km 3 Volume necessary to flood entire Earth to point of covering all land: ~ 4.5 Billion km 3 ~3 times volume of oceans ~ 3 x ~1.37 Billion km 3 ~ 4.11 Billion km 3

Video clip: Noah Movie Flood Scene

MUSIC and WORSHIP

Music I.References II.Technical Development A. Musicology B. Beauty C. Physiology of Music III.Biblical Development A. Directive/Descriptive/Principle B. Textual Exposition IV.Sacred Music—Standards and Hymnody I.FAQs II.Summary/Conclusion

Standards A.Content B.Arrangement C.Instrumentation

Be Thou My Vision Be thou my Vision, O Lord of my heart; Naught be all else to me, save that thou art— Thou my best thought, by day or by night, Waking or sleeping, Thy presence my light. Be Thou my Wisdom, and Thou my true Word; I ever with Thee and Thou with me, Lord; Thou my great Father, I Thy true son, Thou in me dwelling, and I with Thee one. Riches I heed not, nor man's empty praise, Thou mine inheritance, now and always; Thou and Thou only, first in my heart, High King of heaven, my Treasure Thou art. High King of heaven, my victory won, May I reach heaven's joys May I reach heaven's joys, O bright heav'n's Sun! Heart of my own heart, whatever befall, Still be my Vision, O Ruler of all.

Arrangement A.Melodious B.Complementary of Content C.Edifying (vs. Entertaining) D.Emotions-sanctifying (vs. Emotions-indulging/inciting/inflaming)

Arrangement A.Melodious B.Complementary of Content C.Edifying (vs. Entertaining) D.Emotions-sanctifying (vs. Emotions-indulging/inciting/inflaming)

The Church of the Lutheran Confession website “The sudden bursting forth of the Lutheran chorale is one of the most thrilling chapters in the history of the Reformation. It began in December of Luther expressed his appreciation for some of the older German hymns and his desire to find poets who would write new hymns in a proper devotional style. Before the year was over, several of Luther’s hymns and some by his friends were printed and distributed. By late in the summer of the following year, Luther had written twenty-four of the thirty-six hymns that would come from his pen. “Martin Luther versified the Psalms, translated and adapted Latin hymns, improved and spiritualized German folk-songs, and wrote original hymns. To the modern ear, Luther’s verses sometimes sound awkward. They lack the rich emotional overtones and the mellow flow of words which mark the hymns written in the past century. But Luther’s hymns were not meant to create a mood; they were meant to convey a message. They were a confession of faith, not of personal feelings. They were written not to be read, but to be sung by the whole congregation. And Luther’s people learned to sing them. Practices were set during the week for the entire congregation; and in the home, after the catechism hour, the family was encouraged to sing.”

The Church of the Lutheran Confession website “The sudden bursting forth of the Lutheran chorale is one of the most thrilling chapters in the history of the Reformation. It began in December of Luther expressed his appreciation for some of the older German hymns and his desire to find poets who would write new hymns in a proper devotional style. Before the year was over, several of Luther’s hymns and some by his friends were printed and distributed. By late in the summer of the following year, Luther had written twenty-four of the thirty-six hymns that would come from his pen. But Luther’s hymns were not meant to create a mood; they were meant to convey a message. They were a confession of faith, not of personal feelings. They were written not to be read, but to be sung by the whole congregation. And Luther’s people learned to sing them. “Martin Luther versified the Psalms, translated and adapted Latin hymns, improved and spiritualized German folk-songs, and wrote original hymns. To the modern ear, Luther’s verses sometimes sound awkward. They lack the rich emotional overtones and the mellow flow of words which mark the hymns written in the past century. But Luther’s hymns were not meant to create a mood; they were meant to convey a message. They were a confession of faith, not of personal feelings. They were written not to be read, but to be sung by the whole congregation. And Luther’s people learned to sing them. Practices were set during the week for the entire congregation; and in the home, after the catechism hour, the family was encouraged to sing.”

“Known as the 'Father of English hymnody,' Isaac Watts wrote approximately 600 hymns. He showed literary genius even as a boy. He was born to Isaac Watts, Sr. and his wife Sarah, who were "Dissenters." That is, they were not Anglicans, which was a treasonous offense in those days... “Watts' studies in language went far beyond everyday rhymes, however. He learned Latin at four, Greek at nine, French at ten, and Hebrew at thirteen. Noticing his abilities, a doctor and some friends offered him a university education, figuring that he would be ordained in the Church of England. Watts turned them down, instead attending the Nonconformist Academy under the care of Thomas Rowe, joining the Independent congregation at Girdlers' Hall in He left the academy at the age of 20, spending the next two years at home. “Frustrated with the heartless psalm singing of his time, young Watts sometimes criticized the singing at his church. Listening to his concerns one day, Watts' father challenged him, 'Well then, young man, why don't you give us something better to sing?' He rose to the challenge by writing his first hymn. It was well received by the congregation of the Mark Lane Independent Chapel, where he attended, and for the next two years, Watts wrote a new hymn for every Sunday. It was during this time that he wrote the bulk of Hymns and Spiritual Songs. These were sung from manuscripts in the Southampton chapel and were published “...Watts had become concerned about congregational singing with only grim, ponderous psalms to sing. Wanting to bring New Testament light to the psalms, Watts wrote paraphrases of nearly all of the psalms, publishing them in a hymnal titled Psalms of David Imitated in the Language of the New Testament.”

“...Watts had become concerned about congregational singing with only grim, ponderous psalms to sing. Wanting to bring New Testament light to the psalms, Watts wrote paraphrases of nearly all of the psalms, publishing them in a hymnal titled Psalms of David Imitated in the Language of the New Testament. “Watts also wrote hymns that departed from the psalms and included more personal expressions. This literary license did not please everyone and some felt his hymns were 'too worldly' for the church as they were not based on the Psalms. Yet Watts felt strongly that the Christian church should sing of Christ. He explained his approach to writing hymns this way: 'Where the Psalmist describes religion by the fear of God, I have often joined faith and love to it. Where he speaks of the pardon of sin through the mercies of God, I rather choose to mention the sacrifice of Christ, the Lamb of God. Where He promises abundance of wealth, honor, and long life, I have changed some of these typical blessings for grace, glory and life eternal, which are brought to light by the gospel, and promised in the New Testament.' “Watts further explained his philosophy on hymn-writing in his Hymns and Spiritual Songs, a collection of 210 of his hymns: 'While we sing the praises of God in His church, we are employed in that part of worship which of all others is the nearest akin to heaven, and 'tis pity that this of all others should be performed the worst upon earth. That very action which should elevate us to the most delightful and divine sensations doth not only flat our devotion but too often awakens our regret and touches all the springs of uneasiness within us.'”

Come, We That Love the Lord (18) O God, Our Help in Ages Past (52) I Sing the Mighty Power of God (59) Begin, My Tongue, Some Heavenly Theme (70) Join All the Glorious Names (111) Joy to the World! (125) When I Survey the Wondrous Cross (185) At the Cross (188) Alas! And Die My Savior Bleed? (208) Jesus Shall Reign (231) I Am a Soldier of the Cross! (480) Am I a Soldier of the Cross? (482) When I Can Read My Title Clear (538) We're Marching to Zion (555) Now to the King of Heaven (595)