Which of the following was the most urbanized country in 1850? 21.01 Q Which of the following was the most urbanized country in 1850? Spain Germany France England © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following was the most urbanized country in 1850? Spain Germany France England © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: Which of the following was the most urbanized country in 1850? England By midcentury, one-half of the population of England and Wales and one-quarter of the population of France and Germany had become town dwellers. Eastern Europe, by contrast, remained overwhelmingly rural, with little industrial manufacturing. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

chemical industry textile industry oil industry mining industry 21.02 Q During the first half of the nineteenth century, the only thoroughly mechanized industry was the: chemical industry textile industry oil industry mining industry © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

chemical industry textile industry oil industry mining industry During the first half of the nineteenth century, the only thoroughly mechanized industry was the: chemical industry textile industry oil industry mining industry © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: During the first half of the nineteenth century, the only thoroughly mechanized industry was the: textile industry Although historians have traditionally emphasized the role and experience of industrial factory workers, only the textile-manufacturing industry became thoroughly mechanized and moved into the factory setting during the first half of the century. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

proletarianization trans-capitalism labor migration monetization 21.03 Q The process by which laborers come to participate in the wage labor force is sometimes called: proletarianization trans-capitalism labor migration monetization © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

proletarianization trans-capitalism labor migration monetization The process by which laborers come to participate in the wage labor force is sometimes called: proletarianization trans-capitalism labor migration monetization © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: The process by which laborers come to participate in the wage labor force is sometimes called: proletarianization During the nineteenth century, artisans as well as factory workers eventually came to participate in a wage-labor force in which their labor became a commodity of the labor marketplace. This process has often been termed proletarianization. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Three times the Charter was presented to Parliament and: 21.04 Q Three times the Charter was presented to Parliament and: the third time it was made law each time it was rejected each time the House of Commons passed it and the House of Lords rejected it each time Chartist organizers were imprisoned © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Three times the Charter was presented to Parliament and: the third time it was made law each time it was rejected each time the House of Commons passed it and the House of Lords rejected it each time Chartist organizers were imprisoned © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

EXPLANATION: Three times the Charter was presented to Parliament and: each time it was rejected On three occasions the Charter was presented to Parliament, which refused to pass it. Petitions with millions of signatures were presented to the House of Commons. Strikes were called. The Chartists published a newspaper, the Northern Star. Feargus O’Connor (1794–1855), the most important Chartist leader, made speeches across Britain. Despite this vast activity, Chartism as a national movement failed. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 21.05 Q Early factory owners: only hired women and children allowed husbands to hire their wives and children as assistants only hired men whose wives did not work forbid husbands and wives from working in the same factory © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Early factory owners: only hired women and children allowed husbands to hire their wives and children as assistants only hired men whose wives did not work forbid husbands and wives from working in the same factory © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

EXPLANATION: Early factory owners: allowed husbands to hire their wives and children as assistants Early factory owners and supervisors permitted the father to employ his wife and children as his assistants. Thus, parental training and discipline could be transferred from the home into the early factory. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

As a result of industrialization, the family became the: 21.06 Q As a result of industrialization, the family became the: chief unit of production and consumption chief unit of production only chief unit of consumption only chief unit of capitalization © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

As a result of industrialization, the family became the: chief unit of production and consumption chief unit of production only chief unit of consumption only chief unit of capitalization © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

EXPLANATION: As a result of industrialization, the family became the: chief unit of consumption only The European family was passing from being the chief unit of both production and consumption to becoming the chief unit of consumption alone. This development did not mean the end of the family as an economic unit. Parents and children, however, now came to depend on sharing wages often derived from several sources, rather than on sharing work in the home or factory. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

In 1850 the largest group of employed women in England worked: 21.07 Q In 1850 the largest group of employed women in England worked: on the land in factories as domestic servants in small businesses © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

In 1850 the largest group of employed women in England worked: on the land in factories as domestic servants in small businesses © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: In 1850 the largest group of employed women in England worked: as domestic servants Women came to be associated with domestic duties, such as housekeeping, food preparation, child rearing and nurturing, and household management, or with poorly paid, largely unskilled cottage industries. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Professional police forces appeared first in: 21.08 Q Professional police forces appeared first in: Amsterdam Berlin Paris London © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Professional police forces appeared first in: Amsterdam Berlin Paris London © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

EXPLANATION: Professional police forces appeared first in: Paris Professional police forces first appeared in Paris in 1828. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

to Australia to South Africa to India to Canada 21.09 Q In the late eighteenth century, the British government sent persons convicted of the most serious crimes: to Australia to South Africa to India to Canada © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

to Australia to South Africa to India to Canada In the late eighteenth century, the British government sent persons convicted of the most serious crimes: to Australia to South Africa to India to Canada © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: In the late eighteenth century, the British government sent persons convicted of the most serious crimes: to Australia Beginning in the late eighteenth century, the British government sentenced persons convicted of the most serious offenses to transportation. Transportation to the colony of New South Wales in Australia was regarded as an alternative to capital punishment, and the British used it until the mid-nineteenth century, when the colonies began to object. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Auburn system Philadelphia system Pentonville system New London system 21.10 Q The prison system in which prisoners were isolated at night but could associate during the day was known as the: Auburn system Philadelphia system Pentonville system New London system © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Auburn system Philadelphia system Pentonville system New London system The prison system in which prisoners were isolated at night but could associate during the day was known as the: Auburn system Philadelphia system Pentonville system New London system © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: The prison system in which prisoners were isolated at night but could associate during the day was known as the: Auburn system Europeans used various prison models originally established in the United States. All these experiments depended on separating prisoners from each other. One was known as the Auburn system after Auburn Prison in New York State. According to it, prisoners were separated from each other during the night but could associate while working during the day. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Jeremy Bentham Adam Smith David Ricardo Thomas Malthus 21.11 Q The idea that population growth will always outstrip food supply was put forward by: Jeremy Bentham Adam Smith David Ricardo Thomas Malthus © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Jeremy Bentham Adam Smith David Ricardo Thomas Malthus The idea that population growth will always outstrip food supply was put forward by: Jeremy Bentham Adam Smith David Ricardo Thomas Malthus © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: The idea that population growth will always outstrip food supply was put forward by: Thomas Malthus In 1798, Malthus published the first edition of his Essay on the Principle of Population. His ideas have haunted the world ever since. He contended that population must eventually outstrip the food supply. Although the human population grows geometrically, the food supply can expand only arithmetically. There was little hope of averting the disaster, in Malthus’s opinion, except through late marriage, chastity, and contraception, the last of which he considered a vice. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Saint-Simon believed that, above all else, modern society needed: 21.12 Q Saint-Simon believed that, above all else, modern society needed: relaxation of gender roles redistribution of wealth rational management tighter controls on social mores © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Saint-Simon believed that, above all else, modern society needed: relaxation of gender roles redistribution of wealth rational management tighter controls on social mores © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: Saint-Simon believed that, above all else, modern society needed: rational management Above all else, Saint-Simon believed modern society would require rational management. Private wealth, property, and enterprise should be subject to an administration other than that of its owners. His ideal government would have consisted of a large board of directors organizing and coordinating the activity of individuals and groups to achieve social harmony. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Charles Fourier believed that: 21.13 Q Charles Fourier believed that: all European workers should form a single trade union sex was at the heart of social dysfunction industrialization would solve all social evils industrialization ignored the passionate side of human nature © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Charles Fourier believed that: all European workers should form a single trade union sex was at the heart of social dysfunction industrialization would solve all social evils industrialization ignored the passionate side of human nature © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

EXPLANATION: Charles Fourier believed that: industrialization ignored the passionate side of human nature Fourier believed the industrial order ignored the passionate side of human nature. Social discipline ignored all the pleasures that human beings naturally seek. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Marx derived the major ideas of the Communist Manifesto from: 21.14 Q Marx derived the major ideas of the Communist Manifesto from: Darwin’s theory of evolution the French Enlightenment German Kantianism German Hegelianism © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Marx derived the major ideas of the Communist Manifesto from: Darwin’s theory of evolution the French Enlightenment German Kantianism German Hegelianism © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: Marx derived the major ideas of the Communist Manifesto from: German Hegelianism Marx derived the major ideas of the Manifesto and of his later work, including Capital (vol. 1, 1867), from German Hegelianism, French utopian socialism, and British classical economics. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

The dynamic force behind the revolutions of 1848 were the: 21.15 Q The dynamic force behind the revolutions of 1848 were the: working poor political liberals socialists Marxists © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

The dynamic force behind the revolutions of 1848 were the: working poor political liberals socialists Marxists © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: The dynamic force behind the revolutions of 1848 were the: political liberals The dynamic force for change in 1848 originated, however, not with the working classes, but with the political liberals, who were generally drawn from the middle classes. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.