MAGMATISM AND HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM OF THE KINGKING PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT: AN INSIGHT INTO THE MINERALIZATION OF THE COPPER-GOLD BELT IN SOUTHEASTERN MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES LEILANIE O. SUERTE, D. Eng. Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office No. 6 Department of Environment and Natural Resources Iloilo City MINES AND GEOSCIENCES BUREAU Technical Forum November 22 2010

APPLICATIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE OUTLINE INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS AND FINDINGS APPLICATIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDATIONS

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE MINING SECTOR 2000 VS 2009 The Philippines has abundant mineral resources 1981 to 1985 - top 5 in gold and top 10 in copper production MAP AND DATA FROM MGB-DENR

IF MINING ---> ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Operating Copper Mines: PADCAL COPPER MINE (PHILEX) CARMEN COPPER PROJECT (ATLAS/CCC) CANATUAN SULPHIDE PHASE PROJECT (TVI) 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000 2008 SOME MINING CONCERNS Limited data (geology and mineralization), dwindling ore reserves, high cost of prospecting, exploration and mine development IF MINING ---> ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT HOW CAN WE HELP IN THE REVITALIZATION OF THE MINING INDUSTRY ? PROVIDE THE INVESTORS/ ---> RELIABLE DATA MINING COMPANIES EXPLORATION TOOL ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ORE MINERALS

Southeastern Mindanao - hosts several porphyry copper deposits/ prospects PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSITS - low-grade copper, gold and (or) molybdenum mineralization usually within and around diorites and defined by zones of alteration; provides more than half of the world’s supply for copper and a significant source of gold From 1990-1995, 26% of the annual gold production of the Philippines came from porphyry copper deposits Copper - electrical materials and machineries, electronics industry, coinage, etc. Gold - coinage, jewelry, photography, medical, dental and electronics industry, etc.

PORPHYRY COPPER-GOLD MINES Philex Mining Corporation PADCAL Copper Mine (as of Dec. 2008): Proved ore reserves (remaining) - 54.7 million MT Mine life - ~ 58 yrs (until 2017) Current no. of employees - 2,478 persons Taxes and fees paid (2008) - PhP 1.015 Billion Kingking Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit 2 billion lbs. of copper concentrate 4 million oz. of gold 4 million oz. of silver Value - US $ 14 Billion Taxes and other fees - > US $ 400 Million Mine life - ~13-15 yrs

OBJECTIVES 1. ADDRESS THE SCARCITY OF PUBLISHED DATA (geology and mineralization) in a known and profitable mining area 2. TO KNOW MORE ABOUT PORPHYRY COPPER MINERALIZATION IN SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES (characteristics and age of intrusive rocks, hydrothermal system) 3. PROPOSE A GENETIC MODEL ON THE FORMATION OF THE KINGKING DEPOSIT which could provide clues on how to look for porphyry copper deposits

METHODOLOGY FORMATION OF THE KINGKING PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT EXPLORATION TOOL FOR PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSITS

TIOGDAN CORE HOUSE BENGUET CORP. KAMPO II

LITHOLOGIC MAP OF THE KINGKING PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT

ALTERATION Potassic alteration (biotite/k-feldspar) in Biotite Diorite Porphyry and Hornblende Diorite Porphyry Most of the copper ores are located in the potassic alteration zone

Usual sources of copper and (or) gold - quartz veinlets stockworks and disseminations of copper ores in the diorites Primary copper ores - bornite and chalcopyrite Gold is present in chalcopyrite and bornite

A NEW SOURCE OF COPPER ORE IN A PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT? BORNITE PODS - bornite + chalcopyrite + calaverite 1ST time to be reported in the Philippines; 2ND in the world after Endeavor Mine in Northparkes, Australia Not related to quartz veinlets stockworks or disseminations Associated with the Biotite Diorite Porphyry, (brecciated portion) Larger compared to other copper ores NEW! OLD

BORNITE PODS Sulfur isotope analysis - ultimate source of sulfur is identical for bornite pods and sulfides associated with quartz veinlets stockworks May be xenoliths, representing sulfide melt from earlier mineralized diorites and volcanics rocks formed by compaction-driven sulfide segregation and filter pressing differentiation Suggests multiple stages of mineralization & efficient natural process of concentrating copper ores

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGMA AND ORE FLUIDS AT THE KINGKING PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT Fields after Defant and Drummond (1990) and Castillo et al (1999) Enriched in LREE, depleted in HREE Mineral chemistry - magnesian composition, XMg = 0.57 to 0.82 and 0.60 to 0.79, SO3 = 55 wt% Dioritic, genetically related, calc-alkaline, adakitic, hydrous, oxidizing The magma has potential to generate porphyry copper deposits

Hot, metal- and sulfur-rich, hypersaline hydrothermal fluid (~400°C and higher) Forms potassic alteration, depositing most of the copper and gold

NEW AGE DATA FOR INTRUSIVE ROCKS IN SOUTHEASTERN MINDANAO 27.0  1.5 Ma 11.37  0.60 Ma Mineralization can also occur in specific time frames Oligocene (33.7-23.8 million years ago) to Miocene (23.8-5.3 million years ago) Age of rocks/mineralization in an area --> may search for mineralization in rocks of the same age 31.44  0.78 Ma 46.14  1.58 Ma 27.0  1.5 Ma 17.49  0.43 Ma 11.37  0.60 Ma

FORMATION OF THE KINGKING PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT A. Dioritic, calc-alkaline, hydrous, oxidizing and adakitic magma formed HDP and DP B. Early mineralization episode C. Intrusion of BDP D. Formation of bornite pods and fine-grained matrix E. Hydrothermal alteration and deposition of sulfides F. Later intrusion of dikes

USING RESULTS FROM THIS STUDY, THEN… WHEN LOOKING FOR A PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT: A. PRIORITIZE OLIGOCENE TO MIOCENE QUARTZ DIORITE, HORNBLENDE DIORITE, BIOTITE DIORITE PORPHYRY B. CHECK OR RE-CHECK DRILL CORE DATA/BRECCIATED PORTION OF DIORITE FOR PRESENCE OF BORNITE PODS --> CALCULATE VOLUME C. POLYPHASE HYPERSALINE FLUID INCLUSIONS AND CALC-ALKALINE, HYDROUS AND OXIDIZING MAGMA + + + DIORITE (BIOTITE DIORITE PORPHYRY) OLIGOCENE TO MIOCENE AGE FAULT/FRACTURE ZONE QUARTZ VEINLETS STOCKWORKS POTASSIC ALTERATION ZONE

SIGNIFICANCE: 1. Provide much needed and new data on the geology (diorites, biotite diorite porphyry) and mineralization (veinlets/disseminations/bornite pods) and age of diorites (Oligocene-Miocene) in Southeastern Mindanao 2. Identified new and possible alternative source of copper and gold (bornite pods/clots) 3. Outlined an easy to use exploration tool for porphyry copper deposits 4. Results were published in international journals and presented in international conferences

RECOMMENDATIONS Further study on other aspects of porphyry copper mineralization especially and other porphyry copper deposits

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Japanese government (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Asso. Prof. A. Imai and Prof. K. Watanabe, Prof. T.Hirajima and Prof. K. Jinno Econ. Geol. Laboratory, Kyushu University and RWG, NIGS, UP Diliman Prof. Itaya, Geochronological Laboratory, Okayama Science University Electron Probe Microanalysis, University of Tokyo Benguet Corporation, Philco Mining, Privatization and Management Office, Apex Mining Company Limited, Philex Mining DENR, MGB Central Office and Regional Offices No. XI and VI PCIERD-DOST People of Compostela Valley and Davao City