Unit 2: Food Habits Kelly K. Eichmann, MS, RD

 What are some factors that influence what someone will or will not eat?  Are there any special foods you eat that some of your friends may not consume?  Are there any foods you don’t eat due to religious beliefs or other cultural reasons?

 Personal Preference (salt, sugar, fat)  Habit  Ethnic Heritage or Tradition (grew up eating)  Social Interaction  Availability, Convenience, and Economy (RTE)  Positive and Negative Associations  Emotional Comfort  Values (religious, political, environmental)  Body Weight and Image  Nutrition and Health Benefits (functional foods and phytochemicals)

psychological drive to eat; affected by external food choices often in absence of hunger Hunger : Appetite: controlled by CNS

Food Intake  The body decides how much and how often to eat - when to start eating and when to stop  Hunger (1) ◦ The physiological drive for food that initiates food- seeking behavior  Hypothalamus  Primarily through the transmission of Neuropeptide Y. ◦ Hunger can be influenced by nutrients, preceding meal, patterns, climate (heat/cold), exercise, hormones, and physical and mental diseases ◦ After about 4 hours, most of the food has left the stomach and been absorbed by the intestine ◦ The body is adaptable to eat patterns and food choices

Food Intake  Appetite (2) ◦ The integrated response to the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food that initiates or delays eating

Food Intake  Satiation (3) ◦ As food enters the GI tract and hunger diminishes, satiation develops ◦ The feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating. Satiation determines how much food is consumed during a meal

Food Intake  Satiety (4) ◦ The feeling of satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal. Satiety determines how much time passes between meals ◦ Satiation = stop eating ◦ Satiety = not start eating again

Food Intake  Overriding Hunger and Satiety Signals ◦ Bored ◦ Anxious ◦ Stress ◦ Time ◦ Sight ◦ Smell ◦ Taste ◦?◦?

Food Intake  Nutrients, Satiation, Satiety ◦ Nutrient composition of a meal makes a difference ◦ Protein is the most satiating (having the power to suppress hunger and inhibit eating) ◦ Complex CHO and Fiber are effective at extending the duration of satiety ◦ Fat has a weak satiating effect  How fat influences portions

Food Intake  Message Central - The Hypothalamus ◦ Control Center: integrating messages about energy intake, expenditure, and storage from other parts of the brain and from the mouth, GI tract, and liver ◦ A brain center that controls activities (maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite)

 Emotional- punishment or reward (examples)  Emotional – religious practice (examples)  Biological – superstitions (examples)  Sociological – food security, social status (examples)

 Let’s discuss some cultural foods  Are there differences between traditional cuisine and those cultural foods served in the United States?

Native Americans:  Deficient in calcium, riboflavin, vitamins A and C, protein  Increased incidence of malnutrition and diabetes.

Chinese:  Typically low in protein, calcium, vitamin D  Vegetarian common  Meat and milk limited  Yin (cool) and Yang (hot)

 What problems with diet may arise when someone from another country moves to the United States?

 Effects of money on food choices  Lack of money ◦ Buy cheap, less healthy foods ◦ Lack of transportation to get food ◦ Affects kind of food bought and amounts ◦ Usually end up buying more starchy foods

 Culture & nutrition recommendations  Relate nutrition education to culture and habits of individual