Standard Costing 标准成本法 -- A Managerial Control Tool CHAPTER 9

Objectives 1. Tell how unit standards are set and why standard costing systems are adapted. 2. State the purpose of a standard cost sheet. 3. Describe the basic concepts underlying variance analysis, and explain when variances should be investigated. 4. Compute the material and labor variances, and explain how they are used for control.

Objectives 5. Calculate the variable and fixed overhead variances, and give their definitions. 6. Appendix: Prepare journal entries for materials and labor variances, and show how to account for overhead variances.

一、Why Standard Cost Systems Are Adopted Standard costing systems enhance planning and control and improve performance measurement. Standard costing systems facilitate product costing.

例：Standard Cost Sheet for Corn Chips玉米片 Standard Standard Standard Price Usage Cost Subtotal Description Direct materials: Yellow corn $0.006 18 oz. $0.108 Cooking oil 0.031 2 oz. 0.062 Salt 0.005 1 oz. 0.005 Lime酸橙 0.400 0.01 oz. 0.004 Bags 0.044 1 bag. 0.044 Total direct materials $0.223

例：Standard Cost Sheet for Corn Chips Standard Standard Standard Price Usage Cost Subtotal Description Direct materials $0.223 Direct labor: Inspectors $7.000 0.0070 hr. $0.049 Machine operators 10.000 0.0008 hr. 0.008 Total direct labor 0.057 Overhead: Variable overhead 3.850 0.078 hr. $0.030 Fixed overhead 32.050 0.0078 hr. 0.250 Total overhead 0.280 Total standard unit cost $0.560

During the first week, 100000 packages of corn chips are produced. The standard quantity of yellow corn meal: 18 ounces/per package

Standard Quantity of Materials Allowed Standard Hours Allowed SQ = Unit quantity standard x Actual output = 18 x 100,000 = 1,800,000 ounces Standard Hours Allowed SH = Unit labor standard x Actual output = 0.0008 x 100,000 = 80 direct labor hours

Total variance= (AP x AQ) – (SP x SQ) = (AP x AQ) – (SP x AQ)]+ (SP x AQ) – (SP x SQ) = [(AP x AQ) – (SP x AQ)]+[(SP x AQ)–(SP x SQ)] = (AP – SP)AQ + (AQ – SQ)SP = Price variance + Usage variance

Favorable有利 variances occur whenever the opposite occurs. Unfavorable不利 variances occur whenever actual prices or usage of inputs are greater than standard prices or usage. Favorable有利 variances occur whenever the opposite occurs.

Control Chart Cost x $110,000 $100,000 $ 90,000 Time

二、Variance Analysis: Materials and Labor Actual production 48,500 bags of corn chips Actual cost of corn 780,000 ounces of $0.0069 = $5,382 Actual cost of inspection labor 360 hours at $7.35 = $2,646 Actual Costs Budgeted Costs Total Variance Corn $5,382.00 $5,238.00 $144.00 U Inspection labor 2,646.00 2,376.50 269.50 U

Variance Analysis: 1.Columnar Approach分栏法 AQ x AP 780,000 x 0.0069 $5,382 AQ x SP 780,000 x $.0.0060 $4,680 SQ x SP 873,000 x $0.0060 $5,238 $702 U不利的 Price Variance 价格差异 $558 F有利的 Usage Variance 用量差异 $144 U不利 Total Variance p256

Variance Analysis: 2.Formula Approach公式法 1) Material Price Variance价格差异 MPV = (AP – SP)AQ The actual price per unit The standard price per unit The actual quantity of material used

Material Price Variance MPV = (AP – SP)AQ = ($0.0069 – $0.0060)780,000 = $0.0009 x 780,000 = $702 U Percent of SP x AQ = $702/$4,680 = 15%

MUV = (AQ – SQ)SP 2) Direct Materials Usage用量 Variance The actual quantity of materials used The standard quantity of materials allowed for the actual output The standard price per unit

Direct Materials Usage Variance MUV = (AQ – SQ)SP = (780,000 – 873,000)($0.006) = 93,000 x $0.006 = $558 F Percent of SQ x SP = $558/$5,238 = 10.7%

LRV = (AR – SR)AH 3) Labor Rate工资率 Variances The actual hourly wage rate The standard hourly wage rate The actual direct labor hours used

Percent of SR x AH = $126/$2,520 = 5% Labor Rate Variances LRV = (AR – SR)AH = ($7.35 – $7.00)360 = $0.35 x 360 = $126 U Percent of SR x AH = $126/$2,520 = 5%

Labor Variances: Columnar Approach AH x AR 360 x $735 $2,646 AH x SR 360 x $7.00 $2,520 SH x SR 339.5 x $7.00 $2,376.50 $126 U Rate Variance $143.50 U Efficiency Variance $269.50 U Total Variance

LEV = (AH – SH) SR 4) Labor Efficiency Variances 261 The actual direct labor hours used The standard direct labor hours that should have been used The standard hourly wage rate

Percent of SH x SR = $143.50/$2,376.50 = 6% Labor Efficiency Variances LEV = (AH – SH)SR = (360 – 339.5)$7 = 20.5 x $7 = $143.50 U Percent of SH x SR = $143.50/$2,376.50 = 6%

5)Variable Overhead Variances 262 Variable overhead rate (standard) $3.85/DLH Actual variable overhead costs $1,600 Actual hours worked 400 Bags of chips produced 48,500 Hours allowed for production 373.3 Applied variable overhead $1,456

Variable Overhead Variances Actual VO $1,600 VO Rate x Actual Hours $1,540 VO Rate x Standard Hours $1,456 $60 U Spending Variance $84 U Efficiency Variance $144 U Total Variance

VOSV = (AVOR x AH) – (SVOR x AH) Variable Overhead Spending Variances耗用差异 VOSV = (AVOR x AH) – (SVOR x AH) = (AVOR – SVOR)AH = ($4.00 – $3.85)400 = $60 U

Flexible Budget Performance Report For the Week Ended March 8, 2006 Crunchy Chips, Inc. Flexible Budget Performance Report For the Week Ended March 8, 2006 Cost Formula* Actual Costs Spending Variance Budget** Gas $3.00 $1,190 $1,200 $10 F Electricity 0.78 385 312 73 U Water 0.07 25 28 3 F Total cost $3.85 $1,600 $1,540 $60 U * Per DL hour ** 3.00*400(直接人工工时)

For the Week Ended March 8, 2006 Crunchy Chips, Inc. Performance Report For the Week Ended March 8, 2006 Budget for Standard Hours Cost Formula Actual Costs Spending Variance EfficiencyVariance Budget Gas $3.00 $1,190 $1,200 $10 F Electricity 0.78 385 312 73 U Water 0.07 25 28 3 F Total cost $3.85 $1,600 $1,540 $60 U $1,135* $65 U 295 17 U 26 2 U $1,456 $84 U * 3.00x387.3 (标准工时)

6）Fixed Overhead Variances 图9-2 for Corn Chips Standard Standard Standard Price Usage Cost Subtotal Description Direct materials $0.223 Direct labor: Inspectors $7.000 0.0070 hr. $0.049 Machine operators 10.000 0.0008 hr. 0.008 Total direct labor 0.057 Overhead: Variable overhead 3.850 0.078 hr. $0.030 Fixed overhead 32.050 0.0078 hr. 0.250 Total overhead 0.280 Total standard unit cost $0.560

6）Fixed Overhead Variances Budgeted or Planned Items Budgeted预计的fixed overhead总数 $749,970 Budgeted work activity 23,400 direct labor hours Standard fixed overhead rate标准分配率 $32.05 Hours allowed to produce 3,000,000 bags of chips: 0.078*3,000,000 Actual Results 实际 Actual units of products completed实际产量 2,750,000 bags Actual total fixed overheads(实际总FO) $749,000 Standard hours allowed for actual production 21,450

Total Fixed Overhead Variances Actual fixed overhead cost总数 $749,000 Applied已分配的 fixed overhead Standard fixed overhead rate * Standard hours = = $32.05 * 21,450 = $687,473 (rounded四舍五入) Total fixed overhead variance $749,000 – $687,473 = = $61,527 (underapplied少分配)

Fixed Overhead Variances analysis: Actual FO $749,000 Budgeted FO $749,970 Applied FO 已分配 $687,473 $970 F Spending耗费Variance $62,497 U Volume产量 Variance $61,527 U Total Variance 总差异

FO的 Spending Variance分析 Performance Report业绩报告 逐项比较： Crunchy Chips, Inc. Performance Report业绩报告 For the Year Ended 2006 Fixed Overhead Items Actual Costs Budgeted Cost Variance Depreciation折旧 $530,000 $530,000 $ ---- Salaries管理人员工资 159,370 159,970 600 F Taxes 税金 50,500 50,000 500 U Insurance 保费 9,130 10,000 870 F Total fixed overhead $749,000 $749,970 $970 F

FO的Volume Variance分析 Volume variance occurs whenever the actual production volume is different from the expected volume. (p267, 271) Volume variance = 预计的FO – 已分配的FO = ($32.05 * 23,400) – ($32.05 * 21,450) = 标准FO分配率*(预计作业工时-标准工时) = $749,970 – $687,473 = Budgeted fixed overhead – Applied fixed overhead = 预计的FO – 已分配的FO = $62,497 U 注:32.05=0.25/0.0078=预计的单位FO÷ 预计单位直接人工工时 =749,970/23,400=Budgeted FO ÷ budgeted DL hours总数 = $32.05*(23,400 – 21,450)

Financial Accounting for Variances Appendix Financial Accounting for Variances

The actual price is $0.0069 per ounce of corn and standard price is $0.0060, and 780,000 ounces of corn are purchased. Materials Inventory 4 680 00 Materials Price Variance 702 00 The receiving report and the invoice are used to record the receipt of the merchandise and to control the payment. Accounts Payable 5 382 00 存货入账时按standard costs(而非actual costs) 另设置”Material Price Variance”科目记录差异。

Material Usage Variance During the period 780,000 ounces of corn is placed into production. The standard quantity is 873,000 ounces, and standard price is $0.006. Work in Process 5 238 00 Materials Usage Variance 558 00 The receiving report and the invoice are used to record the receipt of the merchandise and to control the payment. Materials Inventory 4 680 00 Material Usage Variance

During the period the firm has 360 actual inspection hours, while the standard hours for the units produced is 339.5 hours. The actual rate is $7.35 per hour while the standard rate is $7.00 per hour. Work in Process 2 376 00 Labor Efficiency Variance 143 50 Labor Rate Variance 126 00 The receiving report and the invoice are used to record the receipt of the merchandise and to control the payment. Accrued Payroll 2 646 00 Labor Variances

At the end of the year, the variances for materials and labor are usually closed to Cost of Goods Sold. Cost of Goods Sold 971 50 Material Price Variance 702 00 Labor Efficiency Variance 143 50 Labor Rate Variance 126 00 The receiving report and the invoice are used to record the receipt of the merchandise and to control the payment. Closing Variances

At the end of the year, the variances for materials and labor are usually closed to Cost of Goods Sold. Material Usage Variance 558 00 Cost of Goods Sold 558 00 The receiving report and the invoice are used to record the receipt of the merchandise and to control the payment. Closing Variances

Chapter Nine The End