16.1 Chapter 16 Wireless WANs: Cellular Telephone and Satellite Networks Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CELLULAR TELEPHONY Cellular telephony is designed to provide communications between two moving units, called mobile stations (MSs), or between one mobile unit and one stationary unit, often called a land unit. Frequency-Reuse Principle Transmitting Receiving Roaming First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Topics discussed in this section:

16.3 Figure 16.1 Cellular system

16.4 Figure 16.2 Frequency reuse patterns

16.5

16.6

16.7 1G2G2.5G2.75G 3G 3.5G 4G AMPS D-AMPS IS-136 GSM GPRS kbps iDEN Nextel CDMA IS-95 EDGE kbps iPhone (1st generation) UMTS Wideband-CDMA Wireless-CDMA 384kbps; AT&T, T-Mobile HSPA High speed packet access kbps (or 3G ?) LTE? Long-term Evolution 3-5 Mbps 1xRTT CDMA2000 1x IS kbps CDMA2000 EV-DO 1xEV EV IS Mbps down 154 kbps up Verizon, Sprint CDMA2000 EV-DV Dead? 3.1 Mbps down 1.8 Mbps up UMB ?? Ultra- Mobile Broadband WiMax?? Wi-Fi??? EV-DO Rev.A Up to 3.1Mbps AT&T, Verizon, and Alltel now support LTE. What about WiMax for 4G?

16.8 AMPS is an analog cellular phone system using FDMA. Note

16.9 Figure 16.3 Cellular bands for AMPS

16.10 Figure 16.4 AMPS reverse communication band

16.11 Figure 16.5 Second-generation cellular phone systems

16.12 Figure 16.6 D-AMPS

16.13 D-AMPS, or IS-136, is a digital cellular phone system using TDMA and FDMA. Note

16.14 Figure 16.7 GSM bands

16.15 Figure 16.8 GSM GSM uses TDMA and FDMA concepts GMSK (Gaussian minimum shift keying): a form of FSK used in European systems

16.16 Figure 16.9 GSM Multiframe components Lots of overhead!!

16.17 Figure IS-95 CDMA forward (base to mobile) transmission ESN is used to generate 2^42 pseudorandom chips, each having 42 bits. Decimator chooses 1 bit out of the 64, and then is scrambled with digitized voice to create privacy ksps = 19.2 kilosignals per second 19.2 ksps signal converted to 64-chip sequence, giving Mcps (mega-chips) ESN: electronic serial number of handset

16.18 Figure IS-95 CDMA reverse (mobile to base) transmission Note: CDMA not used here because no way of syncing all mobile devices together! Frequency reuse is 1, since neighboring channels cannot interfere with CDMA or DSSS transmission. Each 6 symbols are used to index into a 64x64 Walsh matrix; thus each 6-symbol chunk is replaced (not multiplied as it would be with CDMA) with a 64-chip code. A 42-bit unique code is generated by the mobile hand set and combined with the kcps signal creating a Mcps signal.

Generation iDEN iDEN (Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network) Functionally the same as MIRS (Motorola Integrated Radio System) A high-capacity digital trunked radio system providing integrated voice and data services to its users Used by Nextel Communications

Generation GPRS GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) The 2.5G version of GSM Theoretically allows each user access to 8 GSM data channels at once, boosting data transfer speeds to more than 100 Kbps (30 Kbps in the real world since it only uses 2 GSM channels) AT&T Wireless, Cingular, T-Mobile

Generation 1xRTT 1xRTT (CDMA2000) 1x Radio Transmission Technology The 2.5G backwards compatible replacement for CDMA 1xRTT will replace CDMA and iDEN 1x means that it requires only the same amount of spectrum as 2G networks based on CDMA (IS-95) Sprint and Verizon

rd Generation UMTS UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Also called Wideband CDMA The 3G version of GPRS UMTS is not backward compatible with GSM, so first UMTS phones will have to be dual-mode Based on TDMA, same as D-AMPS and GSM

rd Generation 1xEV 1xEV (1x Enhanced Version) The 3G replacement for 1xRTT Will come in two flavors 1xEV-DO for data only 1xEV-DV for data and voice

16.24 EDGE EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution) Further upgrade to GSM Possible 3G (no – 2.75G) replacement for GPRS Uses improved modulation to triple the data rate where reception is clear

16.25 LTE LTE (3GPP LTE – Long Term Evolution) 3G upgrade to UMTS 3GPP – third generation partnership project LTE actually an architecture – contains EPS (evolved packet system), EUTRAN (evolved UTRAN), and EPC (evolved packet core) OFDM, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, MIMO

SATELLITE NETWORKS A satellite network is a combination of nodes, some of which are satellites, that provides communication from one point on the Earth to another. A node in the network can be a satellite, an Earth station, or an end- user terminal or telephone. Orbits Footprint Three Categories of Satellites GEO Satellites MEO Satellites LEO Satellites Topics discussed in this section:

16.27 Figure Satellite orbits

16.28 What is the period of the Moon, according to Kepler’s law? Example 16.1 Here C is a constant approximately equal to 1/100. The period is in seconds and the distance in kilometers.

16.29 Example 16.1 (continued) Solution The Moon is located approximately 384,000 km above the Earth. The radius of the Earth is 6378 km. Applying the formula, we get.

16.30 According to Kepler’s law, what is the period of a satellite that is located at an orbit approximately 35,786 km above the Earth? Example 16.2 Solution Applying the formula, we get

16.31 This means that a satellite located at 35,786 km has a period of 24 h, which is the same as the rotation period of the Earth. A satellite like this is said to be stationary to the Earth. The orbit, as we will see, is called a geosynchronous orbit. Example 16.2 (continued)

16.32 Figure Satellite categories

16.33 Figure Satellite orbit altitudes

16.34 Table 16.1 Satellite frequency bands L: GPS S: weather, NASA, Sirius/XM satellite radio C: open satellite communications Ku: popular with remote locations transmitting back to TV studio Ka: communications satellites

16.35 Figure Satellites in geostationary orbit

16.36 Figure Orbits for global positioning system (GPS) satellites

16.37 Figure Trilateration

16.38 Figure LEO satellite system UML: user mobile link GWL: gateway link ISL: intersatellite link

16.39 Figure Iridium constellation

16.40 The Iridium system has 66 satellites in six LEO orbits, each at an altitude of 750 km. Note

16.41 Iridium is designed to provide direct worldwide voice and data communication using handheld terminals, a service similar to cellular telephony but on a global scale. Note

16.42 Figure Teledesic

16.43 Teledesic has 288 satellites in 12 LEO orbits, each at an altitude of 1350 km. Note