Network Technology Foundations © 2004 ProsoftTraining All Rights Reserved

Lesson 1: Introduction to Networking

Objectives Identify and describe the functions of servers, workstations and hosts Identify and describe the functions of servers, workstations and hosts Identify major network operating systems and their respective clients Identify major network operating systems and their respective clients Discuss packets and describe packet creation, and explain the OSI reference model Discuss packets and describe packet creation, and explain the OSI reference model Compare, contrast and describe the functions of network protocols, including TCP/IP Compare, contrast and describe the functions of network protocols, including TCP/IP Describe the basics of LANs and WANs Describe the basics of LANs and WANs Identify and describe the function of NAPs Identify and describe the function of NAPs Describe transmission media and types, including cabling, asynchronous and synchronous, simplex, half duplex, full duplex, baseband and broadband Describe transmission media and types, including cabling, asynchronous and synchronous, simplex, half duplex, full duplex, baseband and broadband Identify network architectures, and describe basic network topologies and carrier systems Identify network architectures, and describe basic network topologies and carrier systems

Telephony Networking PSTN: one of the oldest existing networks PSTN: one of the oldest existing networks Voice transmissions, which were once carried over the PSTN, are now delivered in digital form as packets of data using IP instead of the circuit-switched lines of the PSTN Voice transmissions, which were once carried over the PSTN, are now delivered in digital form as packets of data using IP instead of the circuit-switched lines of the PSTN PSTN: still an integral part of the Internet infrastructure because it furnishes most of the long-distance connections PSTN: still an integral part of the Internet infrastructure because it furnishes most of the long-distance connections

Mainframes Mainframe (centralized) computing provided the first practical network solution Mainframe (centralized) computing provided the first practical network solution Retrieving information from mainframesRetrieving information from mainframes Mainframe liabilitiesMainframe liabilities The future of mainframesThe future of mainframes

Mainframe Networking Model

Client/Server Model Client/server model (distributed computing) divides processing tasks between the client and the server Client/server model (distributed computing) divides processing tasks between the client and the server

Client/Server Model (cont’d) Client/server advantages Client/server advantages Two-tier and three-tier computing Two-tier and three-tier computing Advantages of three-tier computing Advantages of three-tier computing

Two-Tier Computing Architecture

Three-Tier Computing Architecture

N-Tier Computing Architecture

Network Operations Center (NOC) A specific location from which a network is managed, monitored and maintained A specific location from which a network is managed, monitored and maintained Central point for network maintenance and troubleshooting Central point for network maintenance and troubleshooting Generally includes multiple, redundant network connections and redundant power supplies Generally includes multiple, redundant network connections and redundant power supplies Many have dedicated phone lines from a separate provider and cell phones to ensure communication in an emergency Many have dedicated phone lines from a separate provider and cell phones to ensure communication in an emergency

Networking Categories Peer-to-peer Peer-to-peer Microsoft peer-to-peerMicrosoft peer-to-peer P2PP2P Centralized or decentralizedCentralized or decentralized Server-based Server-based Novell NetWareNovell NetWare UNIX/LinuxUNIX/Linux Microsoft LAN mangerMicrosoft LAN manger Microsoft Windows NT/2000/2003 ServerMicrosoft Windows NT/2000/2003 Server

Network Topologies Bus Bus Star Star Ring Ring Hybrid Hybrid Mesh Mesh

Network Operating Systems Interoperability Interoperability Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft Windows UNIX/LinuxUNIX/Linux Novell NetWareNovell NetWare

OSI Reference Model Defined by the International Organization for Standardization in 1983 Defined by the International Organization for Standardization in 1983 Gives developers universal concepts so they can develop and perfect protocols that can work with operating system and network products developed by other vendors Gives developers universal concepts so they can develop and perfect protocols that can work with operating system and network products developed by other vendors Explains the framework used to connect heterogeneous systems Explains the framework used to connect heterogeneous systems Describes the process of packet creation (how the layers communicate) Describes the process of packet creation (how the layers communicate)

OSI Model Layers Client Server

Packets Packets consist of: Packets consist of: Header (OSI/RM layer information)Header (OSI/RM layer information) Actual dataActual data Trailer (information that validates the packet)Trailer (information that validates the packet) CRC CRC

Packet Creation ( Adding Headers )

OSI/RM Protocol Examples Application layer Application layer SMTP, POP3, IMAP, HTTP, SMB, NCP, NFSSMTP, POP3, IMAP, HTTP, SMB, NCP, NFS Transport layer Transport layer TCP, SPX, NWLink, NetBEUITCP, SPX, NWLink, NetBEUI Network layer Network layer IP, IPX, NWLink, NetBEUIIP, IPX, NWLink, NetBEUI Data link layer Data link layer Ethernet, Token RingEthernet, Token Ring

Major Networking Protocols Connection-oriented (stateful) Connection-oriented (stateful) Connectionless (stateless) Connectionless (stateless) Routable Routable Nonroutable Nonroutable

TCP/IP A collection of protocols A collection of protocols TCPTCP UDPUDP IPIP An open standard An open standard

IPX/SPX Consists of: Consists of: IPXIPX SPXSPX Frame types Frame types Ethernet 802.2Ethernet Ethernet 802.3Ethernet Ethernet IIEthernet II Token RingToken Ring Token Ring SNAPToken Ring SNAP

Additional Networking Protocols NetBEUI NetBEUI NetBIOSNetBIOS AppleTalk AppleTalk

Choosing and Combining Protocols Combining protocols Combining protocols Binding protocols Binding protocols Binding orderBinding order

Local Area Networks (LANs) A group of computers connected within a confined geographic area A group of computers connected within a confined geographic area Commonly used for intraoffice communication Commonly used for intraoffice communication

Wide Area Networks (WANs) A group of computers connected over an expansive geographic area A group of computers connected over an expansive geographic area

Network Access Points (NAPs) Internet backbones Internet backbones Backbone Network Service Backbone Network Service Segments Segments

Common Network Components NICs NICs Repeaters Repeaters Hubs Hubs Bridges Bridges Routers Routers Switches Switches Gateways Gateways CSU/DSU CSU/DSU Modems Modems Patch panels Patch panels Firewalls Firewalls

Transmission Media Twisted pair cable Twisted pair cable Coaxial cable Coaxial cable Fiber-optic cable Fiber-optic cable Wireless media Wireless media

Wireless Network Technologies Wireless communications use spread spectrum technologies Wireless communications use spread spectrum technologies DSSSDSSS FHSSFHSS Wireless networking modes Wireless networking modes Ad-hocAd-hoc InfrastructureInfrastructure WAP WAP WAP security features WAP security features WEPWEP MAC address filteringMAC address filtering

Transmission Types Synchronous transmission Synchronous transmission Asynchronous transmission Asynchronous transmission Data transmission flow Data transmission flow Baseband/broadband transmission Baseband/broadband transmission Logical/physical topologies Logical/physical topologies

IEEE LAN Standards IEEE IEEE Ethernet/IEEE Ethernet/IEEE IEEE 802.3u — fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3u — fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3z and 802.3ab — gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3z and 802.3ab — gigabit Ethernet IEEE — Token Ring IEEE — Token Ring IEEE — 100VG-AnyLAN IEEE — 100VG-AnyLAN

Additional LAN Standards Apple LocalTalk Apple LocalTalk FDDI FDDI

WAN Standards X.25 X.25 Fast packet switching Fast packet switching Frame relayFrame relay ATMATM

T-Carrier System T-Carrier Data Transfer Rate T Mbps T Mbps T Mbps T Mbps

E-Carrier System E-CarrierData Transfer Rate E Mbps E Mbps E Mbps E Mbps E Mbps