IRN GoudarICDL I.R.N. Goudar* Head, ICAST and Poornima Narayana** Deputy Head, ICAST Information Centre for Aerospace Science and Technology National Aerospace Laboratories Bangalore – ** Emerging Pricing Models for E-Journals Consortia and Indian Initiatives

IRN GoudarICDL Features of an Ideal E-Journal  Full text  Back issues- Pre-web +  PDF files  HTML files  Advanced search features  References linked to full text and related articles  Additional colour possible  Expanded papers- access to raw data  Graphics, video and sound, if required  Comprehensive help  Alerting  Usage statistics for librarians  Refereed, but quick

IRN GoudarICDL Expectations of Customers Readers  Enhanced content  critical mass  multimedia, more colour, additional data  Enhanced functionality  powerful search, alerting  Seamless access  ubiquitous access to past and present  Powerful links  abstracts to full text Authors  Quality imprint  journal brand  stamp of authority  improved visibility  Better author service  responsiveness  faster publication times  web-submissions, web peer review

IRN GoudarICDL E-Journals: Major Players  Primary publishers  Aggregators  Vendors  Subscription agents  Document delivery agencies  E-print systems

IRN GoudarICDL E-Journal Models  E- journal continues to coexist with its print version.  E-journal replaces its print version.  E-journal gets value addition, but continues to coexist with print.  Print version plus abridged e-version  E-journal only.  E-journal with a facility supply individual articles.  Delayed e-version than its print equivalent.  E-version first and then print.

IRN GoudarICDL Journals Publishing Costs: Print Version  First copy costs more - Marginal costs for rest  Article processing costs very high  Refereeing costs  High marketing and admin costs  Low physical distribution costs

IRN GoudarICDL Journals Publishing Costs: E-Version Existing Print Costs + New costs:  Content delivery infrastructure Software, hardware & ISP Customer support Access control  New human resource: Production, IT  Marketing costs  New content costs: tables, maths & chemistry symbols  Meta-data costs  Low distribution costs  Service costs

IRN GoudarICDL  Some publishers’ systems not ready for e-only  Parallel publishing environment  Test bed for electronic pricing & consortia policies  Protection of current revenue  Closer to the market (community feedback)  Guarantee of new subscriptions?  VAT  Consistency with consortia overseas  Challenges traditional pricing & ‘selling’ of information Experiences of Publishers

IRN GoudarICDL Consortia So…. There is a need for striking the balance between cooperation and competition both among libraries and among publishers. Both publishers and libraries should look for affordable and sustainable economic models based on values. Consortia is a Strategic Alliance of Institutions that have Common Interests. Consortia is a Strategic Alliance of Institutions that have Common Interests. This is where Consortia can play a major play.

IRN GoudarICDL Consortia Challenges  Access control and portals  New price models  Transition to e-only  Perpetual access  Archiving  Tight budgets

IRN GoudarICDL Consortia Goals  Increase the access base More e-Journals  Rational utilization of funds A little more pays a lot  Ensure the continuous subscription  Qualitative resource sharing Effective document delivery service  Avoid price plus models Pay for up-front products not for R&D Continue…

IRN GoudarICDL …Continued Consortia Goals  Improved infrastructure  Enhanced image of the library Visibility for smaller libraries  Improve existing library services Boosting professional image  Harness developments in IT Facilitate building digital libraries  Cost sharing for technical and training support Access from desktops of users  Increase user base

IRN GoudarICDL Consortia Models Participants Oriented Models  Geographical location linked Ex: - Bangalore Special Libraries Group  Libraries in the same discipline Ex: - Aerospace Libraries Group  Libraries belonging to the same parent organization Ex: - CSIR LICs  Libraries of academic organizations Ex: - INFLIBNET

IRN GoudarICDL  Consortia for accessing electronic journals  Consortia for avoiding duplicate collection  Consortia for training and library workshops Consortia Models Purpose Oriented Models

IRN GoudarICDL Consortia Models Client Oriented Models  Clients according to their age Ex: - Children, Senior Citizen  Clients according to their interest Ex: - sports, game  Clients according to their educational background Ex: - Technical, Professional

IRN GoudarICDL Price Influencing Factors  Quantum of business  Number of consortia members  Types of institutions  Contract period  Number of IP enabled nodes  Number of campuses  Value added services  Rights to archive  Perpetual access  Training facilities  Multi year agreement

IRN GoudarICDL Pricing Models: Some Facts  Varies from publishers to publishers  Varies from same publishers to different customers  Ongoing experimentation  Negotiation possible  Charge for content  Delivery format optional  Increasingly will be based on usage No universally acceptable E-journals Pricing and Licensing Models

IRN GoudarICDL Pricing Models in Operation  Bundled – Free with print AIP, APS, AMS, Elsevier, Wiley  Print as base + surcharge on electronic Premium payments range from 10-25% ACS, OSA  Electronic only Small increase - ACS Same price - OSA Discount from print AIP, AMS  Totally unbundled – No discount for both JBC (P=x, E=y, P+E=x+y)  Free e-version only Charge for print if required British Medical Journal Continue…

IRN GoudarICDL …Continued Pricing Models in Operation  Membership/Community Fee  Sponsorship/Advertising/Govt. Funding  Authors funded – Page charges  Usage based pricing - Concurrent users - Site population, Based on FTE  All titles of publishers with print optional  Subject clusters  Virtual Journals: Narrow subject from single/multiple collection  Pay–per–view: Credit cards, Deposit accounts  Free completely – Differently funded  Extra fee for software

IRN GoudarICDL  Separate Current (1-2 years) + Archive  Extra for value added services  Consortium discount Number of sites  Consortium surcharge Access to all consortia titles All titles of publisher  Subscription to core titles – Rest pay-per-view  Slice and dice pricing – Single article sales – Deposit accounts – Article bundles – Current and archive subscriptions …Continued Pricing Models in Operation

IRN GoudarICDL A Lot More for a Little Extra  Access to all titles of publishers for little surcharge  Multi year agreements with fixed annual price cap  Users happy – Wider access  Publishers happy – Guaranteed revenue, greater visibility of titles  But what about non-major publishers?  Discount on multiple print copies

IRN GoudarICDL  Flexibility for cancellations and multi-year deals  Quick and Simplified Negotiations  Single offers cannot meet all needs  Pricing options desirable  Extended electronic access desirable  Unresolved terms and conditions  Publishers are experimenting with pricing  Clarity on VAT Library Consortia: Expectations & Experiences Continue…

IRN GoudarICDL  Regional, State, National consortia can be influential  Option for unbundling electronic from print  Mixed views for access to all titles of publishers  Price alone is not the only factor  Standardised licensing  Clear archiving policy  Price including back files  Capped annual inflation …Continued Library Consortia: Expectations & Experiences

IRN GoudarICDL Consortia Values Libraries Vs Publishers Libraries Publishers  Usefulness  Members driven  Lower price  Full text access  Expert vs. Student  Accessing Internet resources  Combined purchasing power  Simplify purchase procedure  Distribute financial and other risk  Pricing/Education  Usage Reporting, Interface options  Linking/Delivery  Indexing/Filtering  Gain credibility with libraries  Protection of current revenue  Single point payment  Increased marketing/ Uncertain new subscription Continue…

IRN GoudarICDL Consortia Values …Continued Libraries Vs Publishers Libraries Publishers  Increase participation of members  No storage & documentation problem  Instant Access  Quality of services  Free flow of information  Sharing – ideas, information  Contribution – time, resources  Reduced cost of production  Reduced surcharges like mailing  Less extra efforts and expenditure for new customers  Get consortium tool o Gather library information o Invoice libraries o Products support

IRN GoudarICDL Innovative Initiatives  Academic self publishing Journal of High Energy Physics - SISSA e-prints (see arXiv.org) Open Archives Initiative (OAI)  Library initiatives HighWire Press - U Stanford Library  ‘Digital’ Press Ingenta, HighWire  Government-funded initiatives PubMedCentral (NIH), SPARC (ARL)  Archival approaches JSTOR  Creating online communities, portals ChemWeb, optics.org, NanoTechWeb  Journal deconstruction ‘Virtual’ Journals

IRN GoudarICDL E-prints Archives  Initially started as Physics E-Print Archive ( - hosted by Los Alamos National Lab and recently moved to Cornell University - supported by academic, government funding  Free at point of use, very popular > 265,000 submissions since launch in August 1991 >3500 monthly submissions Usage: 1 to 1.5 connections daily  Subject Covered: Physics, Mathematics, Non-linear Science, Computer Science and Quantitative Biology. Continue…

IRN GoudarICDL …Continued E-prints Archives CERN Document Server (  Over 650,000 bibliographic records, including 320,000 full text documents  Particle physics and related areas  Preprints, articles, books, journals, photographs Mathematical Physics Preprint Archive mp_arc (  mp_arc is an electronic archive from 1991-present  Mathematical Physics and related areas.

IRN GoudarICDL Pricing Models: Issues  Underlying Prices should be publishers’ responsibility.  Pricing should be market- based not formulaic.  Senior scientists/ librarians may resistant to the transition from print to electronic.  Small publishers like professional societies not enthusiastic about consortia pricing.  Publisher – Customer disconnect  Subscription/site vs. transactional choices  Perception: Electronic Costs less than Print  Reality: Electronic + Print costs more than Print

IRN GoudarICDL Trends in Pricing Models  Increasing in numbers offer electronic-only journals  Virtual Journals  Continued experimentation of models  More publishers to offer consortia pricing  More subject specific packages  Price decreasing  More will offer pay-per-view/transactional allowance  Print as ‘add on’: Optional at discounted price  Choice of format and added functionality  Pricing based on size (FTEs, research activity)  Ongoing access to core and occasional to peripheral material  The increasing archive will have a price on it

IRN GoudarICDL Strong Links make Strong Consortia Tactical Consortia Issues Strategic Practical Mission Funding Geographical Coverage Library Types Programs Service Technology Governance Staffing Payment

IRN GoudarICDL Indian Consortia Initiatives  INDEST (IISc, IITs, IIMs, …..)…MHRD  Consortia of IIMs  CSIR Consortia  RGUHS: HELINET  FORSA (Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy and Astrophysics)  ICICI- Knowledge Park  ISRO Initiative  INFLIBNET Initiative

IRN GoudarICDL  Lack of awareness about consortia benefits  Slow acceptance of e-information by the users.  Difficulties in changing the mind setup of librarians  Maintenance and balancing both physical and DL  Inadequate funds  Single point payment  Rigid administrative, financial and auditing rules  Problems of defining asset against payment Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries Continue…

IRN GoudarICDL  Pay-Per-View not yet acceptable  Uncertainty about the persistence of digital resources.  Lack of infrastructure for accessing electronic sources  Unreliable telecom links and insufficient bandwidth ( But lot of developments in pipeline)  Lack of appropriate bibliographic tools  Lack of trained personnel for new technologies  Absence of strong professional association  Big brother attitude …Continued Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries

IRN GoudarICDL We need to develop:  More workable models  Models that can be understood  Models affordable by libraries  Models sustainable by publishers  and Identify pricing incentives To Conclude…..

IRN GoudarICDL