Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 by Pearson Education. Reproduced by permission of the publisher. Further reproduction is prohibited without written permission from the publisher. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Psychological Disorders

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Is Abnormal Behavior? A Definition –Not typical –Socially unacceptable –Distressing to the person or others –Maladaptive –Result of distorted cognitions

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Is Abnormal Behavior? Perspectives on Abnormality Types of Models a.The Medical–Biological Model b.The Psychodynamic Model c.The Humanistic Model d.The Behavioral Model e.The Cognitive Model f. The Sociocultural Model g. The Evolutionary Model

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Perspectives on Abnormality Which Model is Best? –Some psychologists adhere to one model –Many use different models Eclectic approach –Different models for different disorders Biopsychosocial approach –Acknowledges biological, psychological, and social factors –Combines models

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Perspectives on Abnormality Thinking Critically about Mental Illness –More people recover from mental illness than don’t recover –Few people with mental illness are violent –Most people with mental illness suffer quietly and privately

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Is Abnormal Behavior? Diagnosing Psychopathology: The DSM The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Current version: DSM-IV-TR Designed to diagnose disorders

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The DSM-IV-TR Controversies and Criticisms –disorders based on symptoms, not causes No theoretical basis –Too complex –Not enough reliability –Politically, not scientifically, based –Biased by gender and culture –Perpetuates a medical model –Pathologizes everyday behaviors

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Are Anxiety Disorders? Defining Anxiety –Generalized feeling of fear and apprehension –May be associated with a specific object or situation –Often accompanied by physiological arousal –Horney: Anxiety underlies most abnormal behavior –Freud: Anxiety from intrapsychic conflict Neurosis Free-floating anxiety

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Are Anxiety Disorders? Types of Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Persistent anxiety on more days than not for at least 6 months Anxiety is difficult to control No specific trigger Muscle tension and inability to relax Vigilance symptoms Fatigue and sleep problems

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Types of Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder –Characterized by panic attacks –No identifiable trigger for the panic attacks Phobic Disorders –Excessive, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation –May be maintained by the relief of escaping the feared situation –Agoraphobia –Social phobia –Specific phobia

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Types of Anxiety Disorders Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) –Persistent and uncontrollable thoughts and irrational beliefs (obsessions) –Rituals that interfere with daily life (compulsions) Compulsions reduce anxiety from the obsessions

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Explanations for OCD –Psychodynamic theories –Learning theories –Biological theories – growing evidence Treatments for OCD –Drugs affecting the neurotransmitter serotonin –Relaxation and cognitive behavior therapy

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Are Mood Disorders? Depressive Disorders Description Extreme and persistent sadness, despair, loss of interest in activities Major Depressive Disorder (called the “common cold of mental disorders”) Dysthymic Disorder

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Description Symptoms –Poor appetite and weight loss –Sleep disturbance –Loss of energy and interest –Difficulty concentrating/ Anxiety –Feelings of worthlessness, guilt –Thoughts of suicide –Inability to experience pleasure –Feelings of helplessness –Feelings of hopelessness

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Description Onset and Duration –First episode usually occurs by age 40 –Symptoms may last days, weeks, or months –May be one or repeated episodes –Stress sometimes brings on an episode –Children and adolescents can be depressed May also experience anxiety and loneliness

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Description Prevalence –Higher in industrialized than developing countries May be due to higher rates of diagnosis –Twice as likely for women than men May be due to differences in coping style

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 “I have too much work.” “My roommate is acting like a jerk.” Lack of power and low feelings of mastery (more common in women) Power and high feelings of mastery (more common in men) “I just can’t manage these courses.” “I shouldn’t have to put up with my roommate’s messiness.” Studying. Going to a movie. Negative feelings are decreased. No depression Negative feelings are magnified. Depression Feelings of Stress and Strain Rumination Efforts to Cope Activity

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Depressive Disorders Causes of Major Depressive Disorder a. Biological Theories Genetic factors Neurotransmitters b. Cognitive Theories Aaron Beck’s approach Negative views of self, environment and the future

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Cognitive Theories Seligman’s learned helplessness –Repeated failures lead one to stop even trying “I’m lonely.” “No matter what I try, I never meet new people.” “Why even bother trying to make friends?” Anxiety, depression

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Causes of Major Depressive Disorder The Biopsychosocial Model –Genetics, brain chemistry and cognitions make some more vulnerable to depression than others Diathesis–stress model –Both a predisposition and a precipitating event needed for the disorder to develop

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Depressive Disorders Bipolar Disorder –Previously called manic–depressive disorder –Alternating depression and mania –Much less common than major depression –No gender differences in prevalence –Usually appears in late adolescence / early adulthood –Substantial genetic component –Often treated successfully with drugs

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Are Dissociative Disorders? Sudden but temporary alteration in consciousness, identity, or memory Relatively rare, but very dramatic

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Are Dissociative Disorders? Dissociative Amnesia –Sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information Not ordinary forgetfulness –Not caused by head injury –Affects only certain types of memory –Often associated with a traumatic event –Memory may reappear suddenly

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Are Dissociative Disorders? Dissociative Identity Disorder –Multiple personality disorder –The existence of two or more distinct personalities within one individual

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Is Schizophrenia? NOT multiple personalities Lack of reality testing Deterioration of social and intellectual functioning Symptoms must begin before age 45 Must be present for at least 6 months –1 month more or less continuously Psychosis (out of touch with reality) About 1% of the population –No gender differences –Higher rates among lower SES

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Is Schizophrenia? Essential Characteristics 1. Types of Symptoms a. Positive symptoms –E.g., delusions and hallucinations Negative symptoms –E.g., inability to read others’ emotions

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Essential Characteristics Thought Distortions –Disordered thinking and delusions –Impaired language use Word salad –Memory deficits Especially working and long-term memory Also problems with attention

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Essential Characteristics Perceptual Distortions and Cognitive Distortions –Hallucinations (perceptual distortion) –Auditory hallucinations (e.g., hearing voices) most common »Voices are perceived as coming from outside the person »Voices comment on or direct behavior -- Delusions Misinterpretations of reality (cognitive distortion)

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Essential Characteristics Distortions in Emotional Reactions –Inappropriate affect Flat affect Ambivalent affect

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Is Schizophrenia? C. Causes of Schizophrenia 1. Biological Factors Concordance rates Neurotransmitters –Dopamine theory of schizophrenia 2. Environmental Factors Factors before / during birth Factors in infancy / childhood Family factors

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Environmental Factors Environmental and biological factors interact Among those with a biological predisposition –Positive family relationships decrease risk –Negative family relationships increase risk Neurodevelopmental view –Biological predisposition (genetics and prenatal events) + stressful life events during adolescence  schizophrenia

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Are Personality Disorders? Basic Characteristics –Inflexible and long-standing maladaptive behaviors that cause distress and social / occupational impairment –Stable over time –Controversial Can be difficult to diagnose

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What Are Personality Disorders? Three broad classes 1. Odd or eccentric behavior Paranoid personality disorder 2. Dramatic, emotional, or impulsive behavior Borderline personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder –Brain characteristics –History of abuse common

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 B. Three Broad Classes of Personality Disorders 3. Fearful or anxious behavior –Dependent personality disorder

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 How Are Violence and Mental Disorders Related? Diagnoses Associated with Violence –More serious disorders –Delusions –Manic phase of bipolar disorder –Paranoid schizophrenia Those with substance problems alone more violent than those with schizophrenia alone –Antisocial personality disorder

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Diagnoses Associated with Violence Legal Insanity –Condition that excuses people from legal responsibility for their behavior –Must be unable to distinguish right from wrong at the time the crime was committed

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Diagnoses Associated with Violence Suicide is more likely than violence against others –Suicide attempters are unsuccessful More likely to be young, female, and make less lethal attempts –Suicide completers are successful More likely to be White, male, older, and use more lethal means –Substance abuse increases risk

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Diagnoses Associated with Violence 60–70% of people with major depression think about suicide Those with antisocial personality disorder or bipolar disorder also at higher risk White men over age 75 at highest risk

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 How Are Violence and Mental Disorders Related? Violence as a Risk for Developing Mental Disorders –Child abuse increases risk of a range of mental disorders –Also increases risk of becoming an abuser –Most abusers do not have a mental disorder Poor parenting and environmental stress interact to create abusive parents

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Violence as a Risk for Developing Mental Disorders Intimate partner violence –Common throughout the world –Married and unmarried partners –Victims are at increased risk for PTSD, eating disorders, and depression –May explain higher rates of these disorders among women

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Violence as a Risk for Developing Mental Disorders Women also more likely to be raped –Date or acquaintance rape more common than stranger rape –Experiences of male and female victims is similar Increased risk for PTSD, anxiety disorders, depression, suicide, substance abuse –Rapists unlikely to have a mental illness Mental disorders less predictive of rape than social factors and attitudes