13 Lecture Notes Endocrine System Classroom Activity to Accompany Medical Terminology Systems, Sixth Edition Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding

Structure Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid Adrenal glands 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Structure Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid Adrenal glands Pancreas Pineal and thymus glands Ovaries and testes 2

13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Function Together with nervous system, the endocrine system controls many intricate activities of the body. Monitors, interprets, and reacts to changes in the body and the external environment. Maintains homeostasis. Produces and discharges hormones into bloodstream. 3

Structure and Function Exercise 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Structure and Function Exercise Q: What is a target organ? A: It is the organ or tissue that responds to a hormone. Q: What are common conditions that result in various pathologies of the endocrine system? A: Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of a hormone. Q: Why is the pituitary known as a master gland? A: Regulates many body activities; stimulates other glands to secrete specific hormones. 4

Graves Disease Signs and Symptoms Exophthalmos. 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Graves Disease Signs and Symptoms Exophthalmos. Common form of hyperthyroidism. Production of thyroid hormone increases. 5

Graves Disease Signs and Symptoms (continued) 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Graves Disease Signs and Symptoms (continued) Enlarged thyroid (goiter). Elevated metabolic rate, abnormal weight loss, and muscular weakness. 6

Clinically Related Exercise 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Q: Mary is diagnosed with Graves disease and is concerned about the abnormal protrusion of her eyeballs. The doctor explains it is a common symptom of Graves disease and the protruding eyeballs is a condition called __________. A: exophthalmus Q: The patient is scheduled for an excision of her thyroid gland. This surgical procedure is charted as a ________________. A: thyroidectomy Q: Mrs. N presents with hyperthyroidism. She states her mom had Graves disease and asks about the connection between Graves disease and hyperthyroidism. A: Graves disease is the most common form of hyperthyroidism. Q: John is diagnosed with Graves disease and asks why his eyes are protruding? A: The MA explains that it is due to an accumulation of cellular material behind the eyeballs, which is stimulated by hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone. 7

Cushing Syndrome Signs and Symptoms 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Cushing Syndrome Signs and Symptoms Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex, mainly cortisol. Round, “moon-shaped” face with acne. Muscle weakness, purple striated marks on skin, and hirsutism. 8

Cushing Syndrome Signs and Symptoms (continued) 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Cushing Syndrome Signs and Symptoms (continued) Syndrome causes changes in multiple body systems. Head and trunk grossly exaggerated, with pencil-thin arms and legs. “Buffalo” hump on upper back, peptic ulcer, hypertension, susceptibility to infection. Anxiety and depression. 9

Cushing Syndrome Treatment 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Restore concentration of serum cortisol to normal levels. Varies according to the etiology. Drugs or radiation to suppress adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. Total adrenalectomy. Life-long treatments of cortisol replacement therapy. Surgery, followed by chemotherapy, when the syndrome is caused by tumors of the adrenal cortex. 10

Clinically Related Exercise 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Q: Mary is diagnosed with Cushing syndrome and learns it is caused by a tumor in her adrenal cortex. She is told the recommended treatment is surgery, followed by chemotherapy. The surgery to remove the adrenal gland(s) is known as _______________________. A: adrenalectomy Q: Nancy presents with complaints of puffiness and water retention. The nurse explains that sodium retention causes increased fluid in tissues. The swelling is called ________. A: edema Q: Jane is diagnosed with Cushing syndrome. The physician explains the goal of treatment is to restore concentration of normal levels of the principal steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. This hormone is known as (calcitonin, cortisol, oxytocin). A: cortisol Q: The doctor explains one of the complications of untreated Cushing syndrome is elevated blood pressure. The medical term for this complication is ________________________. A: hypertension 11

Medical Vocabulary exophthalmos hirsutism hormones 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Medical Vocabulary exophthalmos hirsutism hormones Anterior and posterior pituitary gland hormones and their target organs as shown in the illustration. Note: To customize or add other disorders to your presentation, numerous images are available from the image bank. 12

Medical Vocabulary hyperglycemia infectious menopause metabolism 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Medical Vocabulary (continued) hyperglycemia infectious menopause metabolism myxedema osteoporosis 13

Medical Vocabulary pheochromocytoma pituitarism polydipsia thymoma 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Medical Vocabulary (continued) pheochromocytoma pituitarism polydipsia thymoma 14

Diagnostic Procedures 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Diagnostic Procedures Fasting blood glucose (FBG) Glucose tolerance test (GTT) Radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU) Thyroid function test (TFT) Total calcium 15

Word Building Exercise 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Word Building Exercise Q: Blood condition of deficient calcium: A: hypocalcemia Q: Blood condition of excessive calcium: A: hypercalcemia Q: Tumor of thymus gland: A: thymoma Q: Enlargement of the thyroid gland: A: thyromegaly Q: Blood condition of excessive glucose: A: hyperglycemia Q: Urine that contains sugar: A: glycosuria 16

Medical and Surgical Procedures 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Medical and Surgical Procedures Adrenalectomy Lobectomy Thymectomy Thyroidectomy 17

Clinically Related Exercise 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Q: The physician diagnosed Mrs J with thymoma and informs her that it needs to be excised. The surgical procedure to excise the thymus is called ___________. A: thymectomy Q: John is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and is informed that excision of one lobe of the thyroid will stabilize his condition. The surgical procedure to remove a lobe is called _______________. A: lobectomy Q: A patient undergoes biopsy that reveals a malignant tumor of the adrenal gland. This cancerous tumor is charted as an adrenal ________________. A: carcinoma Q: John undergoes an MRI that reveals a rare tumor of the adrenal glands composed of chromaffin cells. This type of tumor is known as a (cytoma, pheochromocytoma, sarcoma). A: pheochromocytoma 18

Pharmacology Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Insulins 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pharmacology Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Insulins 19

Clinically Related Exercise 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Q: Mary is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. To control her blood sugar levels, the physician prescribes (corticosteroids, insulin, thyroid hormones). A: insulin Q: Susan is in menopause. To control her symptoms of hot flashes and vaginal dryness, the physician prescribes an oral synthetic hormone of (calcium, estrogen, testosterone). A: estrogen Q: Tom is postsurgical thyroidectomy. To replace the production of hormones T3 and T4, the doctor prescribes (calcium, corticosteroids, thyroid supplements). A: thyroid supplements Q: Connie is diagnosed postmenopausal and finds she is at risk for osteoporosis. Her doctor recommends preventing bone loss by taking a supplement called (calcium, sodium, thyroid). A: calcium 20