Quiz Chapter 1 Name the six characteristics of a civilization. Name the six characteristics of a civilization. What does Venus of Willendorf represent? What does Venus of Willendorf represent? Why were the earliest ages of man unable to develop a civilization? Why were the earliest ages of man unable to develop a civilization?

Chapter 1 Beginnings of Civilization

Wall Painting Paleolithic Art Paleolithic Art New invention New invention Tools Tools Painting Painting Cave Paintings Cave Paintings Religious Religious Altamira, Spain and Lascaux, France p. 5 Altamira, Spain and Lascaux, France p. 5

Sculpture Venus figures Venus figures Earth Mother Earth Mother Feminine characteristics Feminine characteristics Venus of Willendorf p. 5 Venus of Willendorf p. 5

Civilization Begins The Cultures of Mesopotamia The Cultures of Mesopotamia

The Cradle of Civilization Mesopotamia – between rivers Mesopotamia – between rivers Tigris and Euphrates rivers Tigris and Euphrates rivers Fertile Crescent Fertile Crescent Modern Iraq and Syria Modern Iraq and Syria BCE BCE

Two Cultural Revolutions Shift from hunting and gathering to food production. Shift from hunting and gathering to food production. The development of agriculture The development of agriculture -domestication of animals -domestication of animals - cultivation of barley and wheat - cultivation of barley and wheat Use of flood water and irrigation 3400 BCE Use of flood water and irrigation 3400 BCE

Two Cultural Revolutions Appearance of the first cities 3400 BCE Appearance of the first cities 3400 BCE Uruk – Sumerian people Uruk – Sumerian people Urbanization Urbanization Arts ArtsCalendarWriting Monumental Architecture

Sumerian Life Sumerians dominated area in 3 rd millennium Sumerians dominated area in 3 rd millennium Series of city-states - theocracy Series of city-states - theocracy Controlled by an assembly Controlled by an assembly Elected leader in time of war Elected leader in time of war Homes of hard clay bricks Homes of hard clay bricks Temple - ziggurat Temple - ziggurat

Temple Each city had a patron god or goddess which inhabitants served Each city had a patron god or goddess which inhabitants served God owned everything God owned everything Ziggurat Ziggurat Temple tower – sacred mountain See p. 9 for structure See p. 9 for structure Held household Held household

Gods of Realms An – god of heaven An – god of heaven Enlil – god of air Enlil – god of air Enki – water god Enki – water god Ninhursag – mother earth Ninhursag – mother earth

Pantheon of gods Anu – sky god Anu – sky god Sin – moon god Sin – moon god Ishtar – goddess of fertility Ishtar – goddess of fertility Abu – vegetation god Abu – vegetation god Tammuz – male principle in nature Tammuz – male principle in nature Lived life with man Lived life with man

Utu and Mother Earth

Enki and Inanna

Worship

Mythology Untrue but believed to be true – advertising myth Untrue but believed to be true – advertising myth A story placed in “sacred time” that explains a phenomenon of nature A story placed in “sacred time” that explains a phenomenon of nature - include archetypes and episodes - Carl Jung – “collective unconscious” Deepest form of truth Deepest form of truth

Creation Life comes from the sea Life comes from the sea Mountain an-ki Mountain an-ki Gods of the realms Gods of the realms Man servant to the gods Man servant to the gods

Afterlife A dark and dusty cave A dark and dusty cave No promise of better life No promise of better life Those remembered by loved ones fared better Those remembered by loved ones fared better Utanapishtim given immortality Utanapishtim given immortality Epic of Gilgamesh Epic of Gilgamesh

Music Harps by 2800 BCE p. 15 Harps by 2800 BCE p. 15 Boat shape Boat shape Lyre Lyre Bull - fertility and divine power Bull - fertility and divine power Clappers and wind instruments Clappers and wind instruments Used in rituals and for important occasions Used in rituals and for important occasions

Literature Cuneiform 3400 BCE Cuneiform 3400 BCE Wedge shape equaled a word Wedge shape equaled a word Used for records and works of literature Used for records and works of literature Mastered by scribes who were trained from early age Mastered by scribes who were trained from early age Majority of pop. illiterate Majority of pop. illiterate

Cuneiform Sample

Epic of Gilamesh Gilamesh – historic and legendary king of Uruk 2600 BCE Gilamesh – historic and legendary king of Uruk 2600 BCE Two-thirds god, one-third human Two-thirds god, one-third human Made Uruk leading city of Mesopotamia Made Uruk leading city of Mesopotamia Became oppressive Became oppressive Gods create his counterpart, Enkidu, the wild man who lives with animals Gods create his counterpart, Enkidu, the wild man who lives with animals

Epic of Gilgamesh Enkidu is interfering with hunting Enkidu is interfering with hunting Gilgamesh sends love-priestess to tame him Gilgamesh sends love-priestess to tame him Wrestle and become brothers Wrestle and become brothers What is the underlying truth in this event? What is the underlying truth in this event?

Epic of Gilgamesh Ishtar wants to marry Gilgamesh Ishtar wants to marry Gilgamesh He refuses He refuses Must battle the Bull of Heaven Must battle the Bull of Heaven Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull In revenge the gods send an illness that kills Enkidu In revenge the gods send an illness that kills Enkidu Fearing death, Gilgamesh seeks Utanapishtim to get immortality Fearing death, Gilgamesh seeks Utanapishtim to get immortality

Epic of Gilgamesh Reaches the mountain of the gods Reaches the mountain of the gods Utanapishtim tells him the story of the flood Utanapishtim tells him the story of the flood Gets the plant of immortality Gets the plant of immortality It is stolen by a snake It is stolen by a snake What truth is learned? What truth is learned?

Semitic Kingdoms Akkadian -Sargon Akkadian -Sargon Positive attitude – see art p. 8 Positive attitude – see art p. 8 Conquered by the Gutians Conquered by the Gutians Unified by Babylonians Unified by Babylonians

Babylon Hammurabi – king 1792 BCE Hammurabi – king 1792 BCE Babylon - center of international trade Babylon - center of international tradecloth,spice Code of Hammurabi Code of Hammurabi -received kingship from Shamash the sun god -282 laws p. 10

Assyria Hittites Hittites Changed warfare Changed warfare -iron weapons -horse and chariot Cruel conquerors Cruel conquerors Kingdom from Egypt to modern Turkey Kingdom from Egypt to modern Turkey

Assyria Developed Kingship Developed Kingship Power from gods Power from gods Spectacular palaces Spectacular palaces Art shows conquests Art shows conquests Lion = heroic king Lion = heroic king

Second Babylonia Nebuchadnezzar II Nebuchadnezzar II Palace Palace City of 100,000 City of 100,000 Tower of Babel Tower of Babel

Fall of Mesopotamia Invasion of the Medes Invasion of the Medes Invasion of the Persians Invasion of the Persians Nomadic warrior tribes Nomadic warrior tribes

Ancient Egypt Dependent on the floods of the Nile River Dependent on the floods of the Nile River History spans 2200 years History spans 2200 years Culture unity and consistency Culture unity and consistency Ruled by the pharaoh who was divine Ruled by the pharaoh who was divine

Religion Aton-Ra created world by giving chaos order Aton-Ra created world by giving chaos order Pharaoh gave order to the world Pharaoh gave order to the world Obsessed with death and after life Obsessed with death and after life Caused elaborate funeral rituals Caused elaborate funeral rituals

Egyptian Art Principal function of artists: to produce images of deities Principal function of artists: to produce images of deities Form of worship Form of worship Standards set forth by Pharaoh Standards set forth by Pharaoh Artists also provided temples and shrines for honoring deities Artists also provided temples and shrines for honoring deities

The Old Kingdom Imhotep Imhotep First architect known to history First architect known to history Pyramids Pyramids Funerary monuments for pharaohs, upper class Funerary monuments for pharaohs, upper class Mummification Mummification Preservation of the body was necessary for the survival of the soul Preservation of the body was necessary for the survival of the soul

Great Age of the Pyramid Pyramids at Giza (Dynasty IV) Pyramids at Giza (Dynasty IV) Cheops Cheops Chefren Chefren Mycerinus Mycerinus Who built the pyramids? Who built the pyramids? Farmers Farmers Slaves Slaves

Chefren’s Sphinx Created as the guardian for Chefren’s tomb at Giza Created as the guardian for Chefren’s tomb at Giza Adopted as a divine symbol of the mysterious and enigmatic (Greeks) Adopted as a divine symbol of the mysterious and enigmatic (Greeks)

Art of the Old Kingdom Reflects confidence and certainty Reflects confidence and certainty Idealized realism Idealized realism Conceptual, symbolic Conceptual, symbolic Examine art pp Examine art pp

Contributions With a partner list the contributions of Mesopotamia With a partner list the contributions of Mesopotamia