slaughter murder rape bloodshed hatred destruction genocide

Genocide in Namibia (the first genocide of the 20 th century)

Background: Namibia was a part of German Southwest Africa Cause: January 12, 1904 Herero tribe rebel against German colonial rule German Lieutenant-General Lothar von Trotha 'I wipe out rebellious tribes with streams of blood and streams of money. Only following this cleansing can something new emerge' On October 2, 1904, von Trotha issued his order to exterminate the Herero from the region. 'All the Herero must leave the land. If they refuse, then I will force them to do it with the big guns. Any Herero found within German borders, with or without a gun, will be shot. No prisoners will be taken. This is my decision for the Herero people'.

Effect: German army defeat them and drive them into the desert. Outcome: In total 24,000 up to 100,000 perish due to starvation and thirst. Rumors spread that Germans systematically poisoned the wells too!

Violence in Uganda (the first genocide of the 20 th century)

Background: British colony Uganda gains independence through peaceful means constitution created and Obote elected prime minister Uganda dictator Idi Amin Cause: Idi Amin seizes power & - creates a military dictatorship In order to create “a black man’s country”, I hereby order all foreigners out of my country!

Effect: - executes 6,000 of his 9,000 soldiers (loyalty) - relies on Libya & Soviets for aide and weapons - persecutes rival tribes & Obote supporters killing between 100,000 to 500,000 Events: PLO hijacked plane carrying Israelis allowed to land in Uganda; Amin embarrassed after Israeli rescue Amin attacks Tanzania; exiled Ugandans help Tanzania; Amin flees Uganda

Outcome: Obote returns to power after election Amin’s Legacy: - death toll near 700, % inflation rate - $320 million in debt

Recent History: Obote deposed by General Tito Okello Okello deposed after Ugandan Civil War Present Yoweri Museveni president Lord’s Resistance Army: - Goal: create a theocratic govt. - How: civil war in northern Uganda uses child soldiers in battle - Who: Joseph Kony leader since 1987

Genocide in Rwanda 1994 (the first genocide of the 20 th century)

Rwanda is located in East Central Africa, nestled between Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is a land-locked nation with beautiful rolling hills, green pastures and plentiful rainfall. A small nation in terms of land mass, Rwanda would fit easily into the space of Ireland with room to spare. Yet with a population of almost 10 million people, it boasts the highest population density on the African continent.

Rwanda is divided into 5 provinces, with the city of Kigali as the capital of the country. Two Major ethnic tribal groups: - Tutsi (dominant minority; farmers) & - Hutu (oppressed majority; - cattle owners) Background: - German colony till WWI - Post WWII Belgian colony

Rwandan Civil War: Oct. 1, 1990: Tutsi RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) attempt to overthrow Hutu government Aug. 4, 1993: Arusha Peace Accords fail; power-share opposed; Ceasefire agreed to

April 6, 1994: Hutu president’s plane shot down by Tutsi rebels

In April 1994, the people of Rwanda suffered a tragedy of momentous proportions - while the world stood by and watched it happen. Over the course of only 100 days, 1,000,000 innocent fathers, mothers, sons, daughters, aunts, uncles, grandmothers, grandfathers, young and old alike were slaughtered by the Hutu as revenge killings. They were hacked to death with machetes and nail-studded clubs. They were shot dead with guns. They were beaten, tortured, abused and left to die. Many of the women and girls who were not killed were forcibly and violently sexually assaulted by HIV+ men as part of a systematic rape campaign which used the deadly potency of the AIDS virus as a tool of slow death. Rwandan Genocide: 1994

During this terrible slaughter of the innocent, more than 6 men, women and children were murdered every 60 seconds of every hour of every day. This brutally efficient pace was kept up for more than 3 months.

The Tutsi group Rwandan Patriot Front (RPF) launched an offensive July 4, 1994: RPF takes the capital Kigali. July 13, 1994: RPF seized Ruhengeri prompting a mass exodus towards Zaire. July 17, 1994: RPF defeated the last government stronghold and declared victory.

Genocide in Darfur (the first genocide of the 20 th century)

Background: - Colony of Great Britain - Independence in Sudanese Civil wars: * * Result: widespread famine, 2 million deaths, 4 million refugees The People of Sudan: - North Sudan: Muslim and Arab - South Sudan: African people with (Traditional and Christian religions)

Cause: - June 30, 1989: Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir overthrows elected govt.; acts as dictator - June 30, 1998: Islamic law takes effect in Sudan - Bashir oppresses non-Arabs; favors sending them to refugee camps Effect: - February 2003: guerrilla civil war begins in the Darfur region in Sudan - Sudan Liberation Army revolt against the Sudanese govt.

Outcome: - Est. 100,000 killed due to combat - Est. 300,000 die due to starvation or disease - Mass migrations to Chad & to refugee camps

Darfur July 9, 2011 History is Made: July 9, 2011: Sudan separates in two! – - Sudan – - South Sudan Conflict still continues along the borders and in Darfur region!

Violence in Congo 1965-Present (the first genocide of the 20 th century)

Background: - Former colony of Belgium - Independence in Civil war ( ) - Zaire ( ) under Mobutu

First Congo War ( ) Cause: - Rwandan Genocide refugees flee to Zaire; destabilizes Zaire Outcome: - Nov. 1996: Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, and Burundi invade Zaire Goal: - overthrow Mobutu & control Congo’s mineral wealth Outcome: - May 1997: Mobutu flees Zaire; Laurent-Desire Kabila enters capital names himself president and renames the nation the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Second Congo War ( ) Cause: - Kabila orders all foreign military forces out of Dem. Congo Effect: - Conflict arises between 4 groups Main Groups and Goals: * Hutu’s: resources, expel Tutsi’s, otherthrow Rwanda govt. * Tutsi’s: resources, protect Rwanda, check Uganda power * Ugandan’s: protect borders, check Congo & Rwanda power * Kinshasa (Govt.): creation of a strong state

Outcome: - Laurent Kabila assassinated in 2001; son Joseph Kabila becomes leader - peace accords in creates a new govt. - Kabila re-elected president in fighting continues today - involved 9 nations - 25 armed militias fought - nicknamed “the African World War” Belligerents of the Second Congo War: Black - Democratic Republic of the Congo Green - anti-DRC coalition (Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi) Dark blue - pro-DRC coalition (Chad, Angola, Namibia) Light blue - DRC allies, not in war (Libya & Suadan)

half who die are under age of 5 est. 200,000 women were raped millions displaced (refugees)5.4 million people died (most due to disease or starvation)

slaughter murder rape bloodshed hatred destruction genocide