Language Arts

Essay Writing A paragraph has at least 5 sentences. Ways to brainstorm: web, list, bracket Parts of an outline: introduction, body, conclusion Parts of a thesis sentence: topic, opinion, and reason. Transition examples: Before, as a result, in conclusion Every sentence begins with a capital letter … …and ends with some kind of punctuation.

Outline Outlines are used to plan for writing, improve organization. I. Introduction a. Thesis II. Body a. Supporting idea, Details b. Supporting idea, Details c. Supporting idea, details III. Conclusion

Punctuating Titles Long works (books, albums, etc.) are indicated by italics (when typed) or underlining (when writing longhand). Remember: Only the title of the book, magazine, or newspaper, etc. is underlined or italicized. (Example: Newsweek magazine or Newsweek magazine— not Newsweek magazine or Newsweek magazine). Quotation marks are used for shorter works, such as poems, songs, and articles. “The Raven,” “Born in the USA,” “Chapter 1- A Face at the Window”

Quotation Marks and Commas Capitalize the first word of every direct quotation. John said, "The first thing I want to do is eat." "William is my friend," he said, "but John is not." ("but" is not capitalized because it doesn't start a new sentence.) "We eat at six," he said. "Late comers will not be fed." ("Late" is capitalized because it starts a new sentence.) Place quotation marks around the entire statement, with end marks or commas inside the quotation marks.

Thesis Sentence Found in the introduction, restated in the conclusion Three parts Topic (Idea) Opinion Reason

Transitions Transitions are words that show time order and direction. They help paragraphs move from one idea or step to the next. They improve organization. Examples: then, next, finally, likewise

Capitalization Capitalize proper nouns like- Given names Street addresses and city names Brands or store names Abbreviations in names like Jr. Dr. Mrs.

Common/ Proper Nouns A common noun is a general name for a person, place, thing or idea. Example- theater A proper noun is a name of a specific person, place, thing or idea. Example- Palace Theater Only proper nouns need to be capitalized, so a big clue is if the noun is capitalized.

6 Traits of Writing Review Ideas- topic and details Organization- order and structure of writing Word Choice- interesting words used with meaning Voice- personality of writer coming through Sentence Fluency- flow and structure of sentences Conventions- grammatical correctness of writing Descriptive synonyms improve: word choice Capitalization & Punctuation are: conventions

Grammar Elements Review Independent Clause- a complete sentence with a subject + verb Dependent Clause- not a complete sentence Compound Sentence- two independent clauses with a subject + verb and subject + verb Simple Sentence- one independent clause Complex Sentence- one independent and one dependent clause FANBOYS- FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO A fragment is missing- a subject, verb, or complete thought

Simple/ Compound Simple nouns or verbs stand alone Example: The dog barked. Dog is a simple subject because it is the only subject. Compound subject and verbs have more than one part. Example: The dog and cat barked. Dog and cat are your compound subject. Example: The dog barked and ran. Barked and ran is your compound verb.

Parts of Speech Noun- person, place, thing, idea, quality Pronoun- replaces noun- he, she, it, they, etc. Verb- action/state of being of noun Adjective- describes the noun Adverb- describes the verb Conjunction- links together phrases and clauses, remember FANBOYS

Plot Structure 1. Exposition4. Falling Action 2. Rising Action 3. Climax5. Resolution

Foreshadowing Foreshadowing: A writing technique that gives readers clues about what will happen later in the story. “As he pondered the morning, he reassured himself that he locked the door. Something kept telling him otherwise, but he pushed it out of his mind.” What might this be foreshadowing?

Flashback Flashback: details from an earlier point in time are revealed to the reader

Tangerine Elements to study… Plot- exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution Prologue- introduction to story Characterization- descriptions of the characters

Characters Theme- message or moral of the story Prologue- opening of story that establishes setting and gives background. Epilogue- concludes story. Plot- events of the story Setting – where and when the story takes place Story Elements Antagonist- person opposing the main character/ protagonist Protagonist- leading/ main character of story

Point of View 1 st person point of view- using pronouns I and me to show the narrator’s own perspective as a character in the story.

Point of View In addition to 1 st person point of view (which Tangerine is told in) there are: 3 rd person limited point of view- unseen narrator knows thoughts and feelings of some but not all characters. 3 rd person omniscient point of view- unseen narrator knows all thoughts and feelings of all characters.

Tangerine Review Themes of Tangerine include: Importance of loyalty among friends, telling the truth even when it is difficult, __________________________ Foreshadowing: a hint or clue in the story that helps the reader predict what might happen later. Flashbacks: an interruption in the normal sequence of events to show something that happened in the past.

Walk Two Moons Themes of Walk Two Moons include: Not making assumptions about another, the mistake of prejudging, growing up as a journey, and the interconnectedness of life. To review Folklore and Origin Stories- the Indian stories that Sal’s mother shares with her. The structure- a frame story, where multiple stories are being told within one novel.

To begin class… Have your semester review (worth 5 bonus points!) and a pencil on your desk. Your semester test is worth 15% percent of your overall grade. Take your time and think carefully about your answers. Good luck!!