Review the Animal Kingdom 4 Major Characteristics? Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophs Cells lack cell walls

7 Essential Functions? Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction

Brain Encased Skull jaws Bony Skeleton Lungs Amniotic Egg Hard Shells Fur & Milk Glands

Water flow Collar Cell Spicule Pore cell Pore Epidermal cell Archaeocyte Osculum Central cavity Pores The Anatomy of a Sponge What makes these animals the simplest of all animals? Asymmetrical animals with no true tissues

The first phyla with true tissues is the _______________________ phyla. Cnidarian Whose name literally means ______________________________ “ Stinging cells”

Examples: hydra, coral, sea anemone Examples: jellyfish, portuguese man of war Cnidarians have two body forms Polyp - stationary, vase-shaped Medusa - swimming, cup-shaped

Ecology of Cnidarians A. Source of new drugs/chemicals  sunscreen 855 B. Provide habitats for marine organisms C. Source of food for other organisms (like sea turtles) D. Symbiotic relationships with other organisms

3 Groups of Worms? Flatworms Roundworms Segmented Worms What do all 3 groups have in common? –Bilateral symmetry, cephalization, sexual reproduction, true organs,

Flatworm adaptation? Simplest animals to have bilateral symmetry and cephalization.

Roundworm Adaptation? First animals to have a one way digestive system with mouth and anus

Segmented Worm Adaptation? First animals to have true circulatory system

Mollusks & Echinoderms

Oysters

Clams

Giant Clams

Zebra Snail

Chinese Mystery Snail

Octopus

Blue Ringed Octopus

Chambered Nautilus

Caribbean Reef Squid

Giant Squid

Cuttlefish

Mollusks Soft-bodied invertebrates Have bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and true organ systems Usually have one or two shells with organs in a fluid filled cavity Most live in water Diverse - Many different species Well developed nervous system in most

Mollusk Body Plan – 4 parts to body: 1. Foot- muscular and modified in each group: used for crawling, burrowing, or may form tentacles for capturing prey 2. Mantle (covering) – thin layer that covers most of the body and secretes the shell 3. Shell – made of calcium carbonate – for protection 4. Visceral mass – area where internal organs are located.

Section 27-4 Shell Mantle cavity Foot Gills Digestive tract Snail Early mollusk Clam Squid The Mollusk Body Plan

Mouth Shell Stomach Coelom Heart Nephridium Adductor muscle Anus Excurrent siphon Incurrent siphon Gills Mantle cavity Foot Intestine Mantle cavity Adductor muscle The Anatomy of a Clam

Classification of Mollusks Classified into three common groups based on shell presence and type and foot modification 1. Gastropods 2. Bivalves 3. Cephalopods

1. Gastropods Largest group of mollusks Usually have a single shell Use a radula (a tongue-like organ with rows of teeth) to get food Have foot glands that secrete a layer of mucus for sliding Includes snails, conchs, and garden slugs

2. Bivalves Have a hinged, two-part shell To open or close their shell they either contract or relax their muscles Includes clams, oysters, and scallops Well adapted for water –Clams can burrow in sand –Mussels attach themselves to a solid surface –Scallops escape predators by rapidly opening and closing their shell

3. Cephalopods Most specialized and complex mollusks. Include squid, octopuses, and chambered nautiluses. Have a well developed head and many tentacles for capturing prey. Closed circulatory system –Moves blood through the body in a series of closed vessels like humans. Use jet propulsion to move at speeds of 6 m/s.

III. Feeding – herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, or parasites; some use radula (tongue with teeth) to feed; filter feeders suck in water with a siphon

IV. Respiration/Circulation/Excretion – advanced organ systems - aquatic mollusks have gills, terrestrial mollusks use diffusion; open circulatory system in some, closed in others V. Response/Movement- well developed nervous system in most, use mucus to slide, foot to crawl, jet propulsion in water. Octopi are most intelligent invertebrates VI. Reproduction – sexual, internal and external fertilization, some hermaphrodites

VII. Why are mollusks important? A.Sources of food for humans and other animals. B.Biologists can use some mollusks to monitor water quality in an area because they concentrate dangerous chemicals in their tissues C.Some mollusks never seem to develop cancer – research being done to apply to human health care

Echinoderms- “SPINY SKIN” Characteristics –Embryonic development most similar to vertebrates –Have a thin, bumpy or spiny epidermis –Radial symmetrical —allowing them to sense food, predators and other things in the environment from all directions. Have no head or brain, but have a nerve ring that surrounds the mouth –Have mouth, stomach, intestines –Feed on a variety of plants and animals –Also have cells that respond to light and touch

Water-Vascular System A characteristic unique to echinoderms Allows them to move, exchange CO2 and O2, capture food, and release wastes It is a network of water-filled canals with thousands of tube feet connected to it. Tube feet—hollow, thin walled tubes that ends in a suction cup. –As pressure in the tube feet changes the animal is able to move along by pushing out and pulling in its tube feet

Types of Echinoderms Sea Stars Brittle Stars Sea Urchins Sand Dollars Sea Cucumbers

Value of Echinoderms Feed on dead organisms in the marine environment Help recycle material Used for food Possible sources of medicine Sea stars can help control the population of other organisms

Arthropods Characteristics –Largest group of animals –Have jointed appendages which include legs, antennae, claws and pincers –Have bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies, exoskeletons, a body cavity, a digestive system with two openings and a nervous system –Most have separate sexes and reproduce sexually

Arthropods Body Segments –Bodies of these animals are divided into segments similar to segmented worms –Some have many segments, others have segments that are fused together to form body regions Exoskeleton –A hard outer covering that supports and protects the internal body and provides places for muscle to attach. –Doesn’t grow as the animals does, it is shed and replaced during a process called molting

Insects Have three body regions Head –Has a pair of antennae, eyes and a mouth Thorax –Three pairs of legs and one or two pairs of wings if present are attached here Abdomen –Where reproductive structures are found

Insects Have an open circulatory system that carries digestive food to cells and removes wastes Insect blood doesn’t carry O 2 instead air enters and exits through openings called spiracles found on the abdomen and thorax Are the only invertebrate animals that can fly

Metamorphosis A series of changes that an insect goes through Two types –Complete Includes stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult Ex. Butterflies, bees, flies –Incomplete Includes stages of egg, nymph, adult The nymph form molts several times before becoming an adult Ex. Grasshoppers, crickets

Insects & Food Feed on a number of things have different mouth parts to obtain food Grasshoppers and ants have large mandibles for chewing Butterflies and honey bees have siphons for lapping up nectar Aphids and mosquitoes have mouth parts that are adapted for piercing into plants or other organisms

Insects success Insects are extremely successful based these reasons –Tough flexible, waterproof exoskeleton –Ability to fly –Rapid reproduction cycles –Small sizes Insects have other adaptations that allow them to be successful

Arachnids Have two body regions –Cephalothorax and an abdomen Four pairs of legs and no antennae Many are adapted to kill prey with poison glands, stingers, or fangs Some are parasites

Arachnids Scorpions –Have sharp, poison filled stinger at the end of abdomen. –Have a well-developed appendages which they can grab their prey. Spiders –Can’t chew their food, release enzymes into prey to digest it—then suck the predigest liquid into its mouth. –Have book lungs where O 2 and CO 2 are exchanged.

Arachnids Mites & Ticks –Most are parasites –Ticks have specialized mouthparts to remove blood from the host. –Ticks often carry disease such as Lyme disease.

Centipedes & Millipedes Have long bodies and many segments, exoskeleton, jointed legs, antennae and simple eyes. Found in damp environments Reproduce sexually Make nests for eggs and stay with them until they hatch. Centipedes are predators Millipedes feed on decaying plant matter.

Crustaceans Have one or two pair of antennae and mandibles, which are used for crushing food. Most live in water, but some live in moist environments on land—such as pill bug. Have five pair of legs, first pair of legs are claws for catching and holding food.

Crustaceans Swimmerets are appendages on the abdomen which help in movement and are used in reproduction; also force water over the gills used in O 2 and CO 2 exchange If a crustacean loses an appendage it can regenerate it

Value of Arthropods A source of food Agriculture would be impossible without bees and other insects to pollinate crops Useful chemicals are obtain from some arthropods Important part of ecological community

Controlling Insects Not all arthropods are of value some are pests that carry disease or can damage crops

Controlling Insects Common ways to control insects –Insecticides, but these also kill non-harmful insects –Biological controls Types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be used to control insects Natural predators being released to kill the harmful insect Some how interfere with reproduction of the particular insect

Origin of Arthropods Some fossils are more than 500 million years old Scientist hypothesized that arthropods probably evolved from an ancestor of segmented worms because they have body segments The hard exoskeleton and walking legs allowed arthropods to be among the first animals to live successfully on land