HONORS BIOLOGY 2A Motzko GENETIC TECHNOLOGY HONORS BIOLOGY 2A Motzko

Constantine Fahlberg - Saccharin (1879)

James Schlatter - Aspartame (1965)

Percy Spencer -Microwave Oven (1945)

John Harvey Kellogg - Corn Flakes (1899)

Alexander Fleming - Penicillin (1927)

Werner Arber(1969) 1st To Isolate Restriction Endonucleases (Enzymes)

Restriction Endonucleases

Restriction Endonucleases Enzymes that cut DNA at specific locations on the strand known as restriction sites Naturally produced by bacteria to protect them against viruses Restriction sites differ depending upon the sequence of nucleotides When restriction enzymes cut the DNA strand they can leave either “blunt ends” or unpaired nucleotides called “sticky ends”

Restriction Enzymes digest/“cut” the restriction sites on DNA strands based upon specific 3D structure

Sticky Ends Allow Restriction Enyzmes To Assist In The Creation Of Recombinant DNA

Boyer & Cohen (1973) – First to create recombinant DNA using restriction enzymes

Splicing The Genes Into The Plasmid

pGLO Plasmid

APPLICATIONS OF RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES Genetic Recombination/Creating of Genetically Modified Organsisms (GMO’s) DNA Fingerprinting Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) Microarray Chips Contructed Using Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)

PART ONE: DNA FINGERPRINTING

PART 2 Polymerase Chain Reactions

Why Use PCR? Allows for amplification of genes for use in recombinant DNA (gene splicing) or isolation of sequences in DNA fingerprinting

Required Ingredients For PCR DNA Primers (short sequences) Taq Polymerase Thermal Cycler

PART 3: Microarrays and GWAS

PART FOUR: CLONING