Group versus Team vs.

Individuals to Group-to-Group Team Continuum Individuals Group Team Degree of Interdependence and Collaboration Commonality of Goal Adapted from Exhibit 11.1

Work Team Effectiveness Model

Other contextual influences Organizational goals Opportunities for interaction Psychological factors

Work Team Effectiveness Model

Types of Groups Formal –Command –Project / Task –Committee Informal

Work Team Effectiveness Model

Structural Characteristics & Composition Size Composition Differentiated roles Differentiated status

Size –Social loafing: –Process costs: Composition –Homogeneous –Heterogeneous or diverse Structural Characteristics

Composition of Teams Diversity  Innovative solutions to problems  Source of creativity  Healthy level of conflict KSA

Team Member Roles Task Specialist Role ·Focuses on task accomplishment over human needs. ·Important role, but if adopted by everyone, team’s social needs won’t be met. Dual Role ·Focuses on task and people. ·May be a team leader. ·Important role, but not essential if members adopt task specialist and socioemotional roles. Nonparticipator Role ·Contributes little to either task or people needs of team. ·Not an important role-if adopted by too many members, team will disband. Socioemotional Role ·Focuses on people needs of team over task. ·Important role, but if adopted by everyone, team’s tasks won’t be accomplished. High Low Member Social Behavior Member Task Behavior

Structural Characteristics Role ambiguity Role conflict Status

Work Team Effectiveness Model

Team Processes Forming Storming Norming Performing Indicates progression Adapted from Exhibit 11.4

Case What stage of development is this group in?

Norms Acceptable standards shared by a group’s members

Members observe the behavior of others to determine what is appropriate Members observe the behavior of others to determine what is appropriate Norm is established Suggested behavior is tolerated even though disagree with Dissenting member withdraws from group New behavior is suggested Members decide if any past experience can contribute effective behaviors Members decide if any past experience can contribute effective behaviors Group members meet Members agree on behavior Members disagree on behavior Development of Group Norms Adapted from Exhibit 11.6

Development of Norms Early behaviors Imported behaviors Critical events Effects?

Team Cohesiveness Degree to which team members are attracted to the team and motivated to remain in it High cohesiveness is attractive feature of team

Positive effects  Increased quality and quantity of group interactions  Strengthened adherence to group norms  Increased effectiveness in achieving group goals  Augmented individual satisfaction with group membership Positive effects  Increased quality and quantity of group interactions  Strengthened adherence to group norms  Increased effectiveness in achieving group goals  Augmented individual satisfaction with group membership Negative effects  Useful or creative ideas may be ignored if they deviate from established norms or values  Increased probability of developing groupthink  Potential decrease in intergroup cooperation  Counterproductive norms may be emphasized Negative effects  Useful or creative ideas may be ignored if they deviate from established norms or values  Increased probability of developing groupthink  Potential decrease in intergroup cooperation  Counterproductive norms may be emphasized Adapted from Exhibit 11.7 Effects of Group Cohesion

Conflict Antagonistic interaction in which one party attempts to thwart the intentions or goals of another ●Inevitable ●Intergroup / Intragroup ●Positive / Negative

Types of Conflict Task Process Relationship

Case What type of conflict would you expect in this group? What would be the impact of the conflict?

Work Team Effectiveness Model

Desired Productive Output Satisfaction –Cooperation –Feelings Characteristics of Highly Effective Groups

Managers’ Responsibilities Develop appropriate group structures Develop appropriate support from the organization Obtain appropriate coaching and consultation assistance Adapted from Exhibit 11.11

Case As team leader, what would you do know?

Self Assessment: How good are you at building and leading a team?