Warm Up & EQ

How do scientists solve problems? Scientific Method How do scientists solve problems?

Scientific Method Series of problem-solving procedures that help scientists conduct experiments Scientific methods are used by scientists to help organize and plan their experiments and investigations.

Factors of the Scientific Method Hypothesis: testable explanation of a situation that can be supported or disproved Experiment: classified as an organized procedure that involves making observations and measurements to test a hypothesis.

Factors of the Scientific Method Variable: factor that can cause a change in the results of an experiment Independent variable: the factor that is changed by the experimenter Dependent variable: a factor that is affected by changes in the independent variable. Control: factor that does not change when other variable do used in an experiment to show that the results of an experiment are a result of the condition being tested.

Data Two Types of Data Qualitative Data: Express with Numbers Quantitative Data: Express with Descriptions Display in graphs (Bar, Line, Circle) and/ or tables X axis: Independent Variable Y axis: Dependent Variable

Analyze Results If results are consistent with hypothesis, communicate and publish results. If results are not consistent with hypothesis, modify experiment.

Communicating Results Lab Reports Graphs and tables Models Theories Laws

Graphs Line graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the horizontal (x) axis, and the dependent variable is plotted on the vertical (y) axis Circle graphs show a fixed quantity using slices representing parts of the whole. Bar graphs represent quantitative data using bars.

Models A scientific model is an idea picture, a system, or a mathematical expression that represents the concept being explained.

Section 1.3 Communication in Science Theories and Laws A scientific theory is an explanation based on many observations during repeated investigations. A scientific law is a principle that describes the behavior of a natural phenomenon.

Reliable Experiments Other scientists must be able to repeat the experiment and obtain the same results. The bigger the sample the more reliable the results. The more an experiment is preformed the more reliable the results.

Assignment This car will not start. start 1.What are some possible reasons the car will not start? 2.How would you test your guesses?

Tada! The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Everyday Science Scientific Method in everyday Car will not start =____________ Out of gas? = _________________ Adding gas and seeing if car starts = ___________________________ Car doesn’t start = _____________ It wasn’t out of gas = _____________________________ (disproves hypothesis this time) Tada! The Five Steps of the Scientific Method

Everyday Science Scientific Method in everyday Car will not start =Observation Out of gas? = Hypothesis Adding gas and seeing if car starts = Experiment Car doesn’t start = Data/Results It wasn’t out of gas =Conclusion/ Revise (disproves hypothesis this time)

Assignment: Write a hypothesis for each of the following research problems. Identify the dependent and independent variable for each.   1. What effect does high temperature have on onion growth rates? 2. What effect does light have on plant growth? 3. What effect do different mouthwashes have on bad breath? 4. What effect does light have on plant growth?

Warm Up & EQ What does -ology mean? What are the meaning of these prefixes: Meteor- Eco- Geo- Bio- Hydro- EQ:

What will we study this semester? Earth Science What will we study this semester?

The Scope of Earth Science Section 1.1 Earth Science The Scope of Earth Science Earth science can be broken into five major areas of specialization:

Major Areas Geology: the study of materials that make up Earth, the processes that form and change these materials, and the history of the planet and its life-forms Meteorology: the study of the forces and processes that cause the atmosphere to change and produce weather

Major Areas Astronomy: the study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere Oceanography: the study of Earth’s oceans Environmental Science: the study of the interactions of organisms and their surroundings

There are 4 main earth systems. Scientists who study Earth have identified four main Earth systems:

Systems of Earth Hydrosphere all the water on Earth, including the water in the atmosphere Geosphere the area from the surface of Earth down to its center

Systems of Earth Atmosphere the blanket of gases that surrounds our planet Biosphere all organisms on Earth as well as the environments in which they live

Earth’s Systems All of Earth’s systems are interdependent. Notice how water from the hydrosphere enters the atmosphere, falls to the biosphere, and soaks into the geosphere.

Measurement Le Système International d’Unités (SI) is a modern version of the metric system based on a decimal system.

SI Unit

SI Units Kelvin = °C +273 Example: 20 °C + 273 = 293 K 1000 mL = 1 L

Measurement Density is the measure of the amount of matter that occupies a given space. Density = mass/volume The SI units for density are expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3), or grams per milliliter (g/mL) 1 cm3 = 1 mL

Group Assignment Each group will have one of the Earth’s four systems Describe each system, include drawings or illustrations Explain how your system related to the 3 other systems.

Homework