Chapter 13 Circulation and Immunity

Section 1 Blood A. Functions of blood 1 Section 1 Blood A. Functions of blood 1. blood carries oxygen from your lungs to you body cells, and carbon dioxide from your cells to your lungs to be exhaled 2. Blood carries waste products from the cells to your kidneys to be removed. 3. Blood transports nutrients to your body’s cells 4. Cells and molecules in blood fight infections and heal wounds

B. Parts of Blood 1. Plasma- liquid part of blood a B. Parts of Blood 1. Plasma- liquid part of blood a. made mostly of water b. nutrients, minerals, and oxygen are dissolved in plasma 2. Red blood cells supply your body with oxygen. a. red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which is a chemical that can carry oxygen and C02 3. White blood cells fight bacteria and viruses a. your body reacts to invaders by increasing the number of white blood cells. b. White blood cells enter infected tissues, destroy bacteria and viruses and absorb dead cells. 4. Platelets are irregularly shaped cell fragments that help clot blood.

C. Blood clotting- platelets and clotting factors plug up a wound 1 C. Blood clotting- platelets and clotting factors plug up a wound 1. Platelets stick to a wound and release chemicals. 2. Threadlike fibers, called fibrin, form a sticky net which helps make a clot. 3. Skin cells begin the repair process.

D. Blood types- are chemical identification tags in the blood. 1 D. Blood types- are chemical identification tags in the blood. 1. Types A, B, and AB- based on antigens 2. Type O has no antigens, and can donate blood to any type. 3. Type AB has no antibodies, so it can receive blood from any type. 4. Rh factor is another chemical identification tag in blood.

E. Blood Diseases 1. Anemia affects red blood cells. a E. Blood Diseases 1. Anemia affects red blood cells. a. body tissues can not get enough oxygen and are unable to carry on usual activities. b. causes include a loss of large amounts of blood, diet lacking in iron, or heredity 2. Leukemia- affects white blood cells a. Immature white blood cells are made in excessive numbers. b The excess cells do not fight infection well, they fill the bone marrow crowding out normal cells.

Section 2 Circulation A. Your cardiovascular system includes the blood, heart, and blood vessels.

B. Heart- controls blood flow through all parts of the body. 1 B. Heart- controls blood flow through all parts of the body. 1. Has Four chambers a. Atriums- upper 2 chambers; ventricles- lower 2 chambers b. blood flows only from an atrium to a ventricle. c. A wall between the two atriums or the two ventricles separates oxygen rich blood from oxygen poor blood

2. Circulatory system- divided into three sections a 2. Circulatory system- divided into three sections a. Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to and from tissues of the heart b. In pulmonary circulation, blood flows through the heart to the lungs, where CO2 and other waste materials diffuse out, oxygen diffuses in, and the blood goes back to the heart. c. Systemic circulation moves oxygen rich blood to all the organs and the body tissues, except the heart and lungs, and returns oxygen poor blood to the heart

C. Blood vessels carry blood to every part of your body. 1 C. Blood vessels carry blood to every part of your body. 1. Arteries are blood vessels that move blood away from the heart 2. Veins- carry blood back to the heart 3. Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries to veins.

D. Blood Pressure is the force of the blood on walls of the blood vessels. 1. Blood pressure is highest in arteries and lowest in veins. A rise and fall of pressure occurs with each heartbeat. 2. Your brain tries to keep your blood pressure constant. Your brain sends messages to your heart to raise or lower your blood pressure by speeding up or slowing down your heart rate.

Cardiovascular disease- the leading caue of death in the U.S. Atherosclerosis- fatty deposits build up on arterial walls and clog arteries

2. Hypertension- high blood pressure 3. Prevention: a 2. Hypertension- high blood pressure 3. Prevention: a. Follow a healthful diet, exercise, and have regular checkups b. Avoid Smoking, it increases CO in the blood making the heart beat faster.

F. The lymphatic system collects tissue fluid and returns it to the blood. 1. Lymph- tissue fluid that contains water and dissolved substances. a. contains- lymphocytes- type of white blood cell that helps the body defend itself against disease causing organisms. 2. Lymph nodes- bean shaped organs of varying size found throughout the body; filter microorganisms and foreign materials from lymphocytes.

Section 3 Immunity A. Immune System- complex set of defenses to protect the body from pathogens. 1. Unbroken skin is a barrier that prevents many pathogens from entering the body 2. The respiratory system traps pathogens with cilia and mucus 3. The digestive system uses saliva, enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and mucus to kill bacteria. 4. The circulatory system contains white blood cells that patrol the body and destroy pathogens.

B. Specific Immunity- the immune system works against a specific antigen by producing an antibody. 1. In active immunity the body makes its own antibodies in response to an antigen. Vaccination provides a form of an antigen to cause active immunity 2. Passive immunity- results when antibodies produced in another animal are introduced into the body. Passive immunity does not last as long as active.

Section 4 Diseases A. Scientists did not understand how infectious diseases were transmitted until the late 1800’s and early 1900’s 1. Louis Pasteur developed the pasteurization process, which kills some bacteria in liquid. 2. Robert Koch developed a method to isolate and grow one type of bacterium at a time. 3. Joseph Lister learned to reduce surgery deaths by keeping his hands and instruments clean.

B. An infectious disease is caused by a virus, bacterium, protist, or fungus and is spread from an infected organism or the environment to another organism. 1. Diseases can be carried by biological vectors such as rats, birds, cats, dogs, mosquitoes, fleas and flies 2. People can also be disease carriers

1. Bacterial STDs include gonorrhea and syphilis. C. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infectious diseases spread during sexual contact. 1. Bacterial STDs include gonorrhea and syphilis. 2. Viral STDs include genital herpes and HIV (human immunodeficiency Virus) a. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) which attacks the immune system, causing the infected person to die of another disease. b. AIDS has no cure, but several medicines are used to treat it

D. Noninfectious diseases are not spread from person to person; they may be chronic and long lasting. 1. Diabetes- is a chronic disease associated with insulin production by the pancreas. a. Type 1 diabetes results from too little or no production of insulin. b. Type 2 diabetes results from improper insulin processing. 2. Cancer results from uncontrolled cell growth and can occur anywhere in the body. a. Cancer can have many causes such as smoking, chemical exposure, radiation exposure, diet or heredity.