Design for Engineering Unit 5 Technological Systems Annette Beattie August 4, 2006 Technological Systems ETP 2006 – Annette Beattie This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0402616. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the National Science Foundation (NSF).

Technological Systems Each has 4 elements – Inputs Process Output Feedback (VCSU, 2006)

Inputs There are 7 types of resources that provide input: People Materials – natural, synthetic, raw, industrial Tools and machines – measuring, layout, separating, forming, and combining Energy – inexhaustible, renewable and nonrenewable (examples – heat, light, sound, chemical, nuclear, mechanical, and electrical) (VCSU, 2006)

Inputs 7 types con’t – Time Capital – money, land, structures and equipment Information (VCSU, 2006)

Universal Systems Model Applied to cleaning up the Tech Ed room: People – the teacher and students Information – explanation by teacher of what needs to be done and how to do it Materials – tools and equipment to be put away that were used during class Tools and machines – broom, dustpans, shop vac Energy – both human and electrical power Capital – money from school to purchase materials, tools, machines Time – the rime required to get the job done (VCSU, 2006)

Process It’s what happens to the inputs All the activities that need to take place for the system to give the desired result A series of actions directed to an end The inputs are combined by means of management and production. Managing – planning, organizing, and controlling Production – the actual making of the product (VCSU, 2006)

Process Primary process – process used to convert raw materials into industrial materials Secondary process – process used to convert industrial material into finished products (VCSU, 2006)

Process Back to Tech Ed cleanup system – Teacher manages the process Production takes place in that a clean room is being produced If managing is poor, the output will be poor The process includes – All the actions performed by the people Tools or machines Rest of the resources – electricity, lighting, etc. (VCSU, 2006)

Outputs The resulting product of inputs and processes Everything that results Intended outputs Nonintended – ex. waste (pollution) or changes in society (communicating thru e-mails) (VCSU, 2006)

Outputs Outputs can be – The output of our cleanup system – Desirable Undesirable Expected Unexpected The output of our cleanup system – Clean, safe, organized room Clouds of dust Lost teaching time Wear and tear on the equipment (VCSU, 2006)

Feedback The reaction to the inputs, process, and outputs They serve to reinforce or alter the elements of the system Cleanup example – Feedback – the next class coming into the room If they complain or trip over equipment left out, the system would have to be improved. Feedback becomes an input into the system (VCSU, 2006)

Feedback Example Driver wants the car to go 30 mph She provides input by stepping on the gas pedal The car processes the input to go 30 mph, which is the output Feedback is given by the speedometer – a monitor A monitor lets us compare the actual result to the desired result (VCSU, 2006)

Feedback Instrumentation – helps us control the system by providing information “Open loop” control system – human intervention is required (car example) “Closed loop” control system – the computer or control device gathers the information and makes adjustments according to its programming (VCSU, 2006)

Problem solving review Define the problem Gather information Choose a solution Test your idea Evaluate the results Retry (VCSU, 2006)

Universal Systems Model Input Process Output Feedback (VCSU, 2006)

Universal systems model Compare the two Problem solving steps Define the problem Gather information Choose a solution Test the idea Evaluate the results Retry Universal systems model Input Process Output Feedback

Universal systems model Communication System Conference Line up speaker Register Attend conference Gain knowledge Fill out evaluation Universal systems model Input Process Output Feedback

Transportation System Subway People Energy & materials Moves under ground Along rails People transported Depleted energy Was it successful? Could it be faster? Universal systems model Input Process Output Feedback

Manufacturing Example 747 Cargo panel Punch machine, people paint, sheet metal, b/print Cut to length, holes punched, assembled, chemically treated, run thru paint Panel that fits in 747, waste Paychecks, improved economy Inspection, design improvements, JIT shipping, Universal systems model Input Process Output Feedback

Universal systems model Medical System Pharmaceuticals Symptoms, Allergies, cost Writing prescription, Filling prescription Taking the medicine Symptoms relieved Health improved, Side effects Feel better, Checkup is good Universal systems model Input Process Output Feedback

Systems The building blocks of technology! Definition of technology again – the innovation, change, or modification of the natural environment to satisfy perceived human needs and wants. (ITEA, 2000) (VCSU, 2006) Someone tell me why they think systems are the building blocks of technology. (Think inputs, processes, outputs, feedback)

Systems Engineering Systems Engineering integrates all of the engineering disciplines and specialty groups into a unified, team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from: concept to production to operation and, in some cases, to termination and disposal (System Engineering, 2006)

Systems Engineering Systems Engineering considers both the business and the technical needs of all customers with the goal of providing a quality product that meets the user needs. (System Engineering, 2006)

Systems Engineering The systems engineering role may have originated as the lead or project engineer who was assigned principal responsibility for orchestrating large and complex engineering programs, and as the single point of reference responsible for the entire engineering activity preferred by the United States Government on its large programs. (System Engineering, 2006)

Systems Engineering However, systems engineering quickly became synonymous with the overarching responsibility for development of the complete end product (hardware, software, services) and enabling products (e.g., the 'systems' that produce and test the target system). This role has increasingly expanded, until the present, when it is also responsible for the interface between the complete device and the user. (System Engineering, 2006)

Systems Engineering The role of the system engineer is especially important when systems must have especially predictable and reliable behavior. For example, power plants (especially nuclear), medical machinery, and spacecraft usually consist of many individually engineered and manufactured parts, by different companies. (System Engineering, 2006)

Systems Engineering System engineering provides the assurance that normal operations, including parts failures, will not provide a hazard for the user or anyone else in the community. The application of systems engineering processes may also result in significant cost savings, as well as providing a reasonable (up-front) assurance of the eventual success of the project. (System Engineering, 2006)

Systems Engineering The following link is humorous take on the job of a system engineer: http://www.gmu.edu/departments/seor/insert/story/story1.html

Systems Engineering System engineering prepares you to be the leader amongst other engineers. The following web site charts salary potential: http://www.gmu.edu/departments/seor/insert/intro/introsal.html (System Engineering, 2006)

Sources System Engineering. (2006, August 4). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 4, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Engineer#Systems_engineering_education Valley City State University. (2006). Unit #5 Design For Engineering Reading Assignment Technology Systems. Retrieved July 20, 2006 from the website: http://www.vcsu.edu

Standards • Standard #2: Students will develop an understanding of the core concepts of technology. o [2.W] Systems thinking applies logic and creativity with appropriate compromises in complex real-life problems. o [2.X] Systems, which are the building blocks of technology, are embedded within larger technological, social, and environmental systems. o [2.Y]The stability of a technological system is influenced by all of the components in the system, especially those in the feedback loop. o [2.FF] Complex systems have many layers of controls and feedback loops to provide information. Standard #6: Students will develop an understanding of the core concepts of technology. o [6.I] A number of different factors, such as advertising, the strength of the economy, the goals of a company, and the latest fads contribute to shaping the design of and demand for various technologies.