(Copy the title of the outline shown below.) EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA. 1400 CE

(Copy the Outline below) EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA. 1400 CE (Copy the Outline below) I. Hohokam

HOHOKAM Archaeologists believe the Hohokam came from modern-day Mexico and settled in present-day Arizona.

A. Location: _______________ B. Climate: ________________ EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA. 1400 CE I. Hohokam (Copy and complete) A. Location: _______________ B. Climate: ________________ C. Most noted for agriculture. Farming was possible due to ________

Artist interpretation of irrigating fields.

D. Tools: wooden digging sticks, EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA. 1400 CE I. Hohokam A. Location: _______________ B. Climate: ________________ C. Most noted for agriculture. Farming was possible due to ________ (Copy) D. Tools: wooden digging sticks, thin rock slab hoes, shoulder blades of large animals

Remains of a prehistoric Hohokam irrigation canal at "Park of the Canals", in Mesa, Arizona. (photo source: Waterhistory.org). Over 1,000 miles of canals were dug, some as wide as 50 feet wide.

E. Crops: cotton, tobacco, maize (corn), beans and squash EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA. 1400 CE I. Hohokam A. Location: _______________ B. Climate: ________________ C. Most noted for agriculture. Farming was possible due to ________ D. Tools: wooden digging sticks, thin rock slab hoes, shoulder blades of large animals (Copy) E. Crops: cotton, tobacco, maize (corn), beans and squash

EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA. 1400 CE I. Hohokam A. Location: _______________ B. Climate: ________________ C. Most noted for agriculture. Farming was possible due to ________ D. Tools: wooden digging sticks, thin rock slab hoes, shoulder blades of large animals E. Crops: cotton, tobacco, maize (corn), beans and squash (Copy) F. Other Food: cacti, seed grass, birds, reptiles, rodents, rabbits, deer, elk. They hunted with bow and arrow. They dried surplus meat and used hides for clothing, shelter, jewelry, and trade.

The early Hohokam lived in rectangular pithouses.                                            

Computer model of Pithouse

Pithouse Entryway

Inside View of Pithouse

Later, the Hohokam established extensive villages.

G. Shelter: at first, pit houses; later, large villages EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA. 1400 CE I. Hohokam A. Location: _______________ B. Climate: ________________ C. Most noted for agriculture. Farming was possible due to ________ D. Tools: wooden digging sticks, thin rock slab hoes, shoulder blades of large animals E. Crops: cotton, tobacco, maize (corn), beans and squash F. Other Food: cacti, seed grass,birds, reptiles, rodents, rabbits, deer, elk. They hunted with bow and arrow. They dried meat and used hides for clothing, shelter, jewelry, and trade. (Copy) G. Shelter: at first, pit houses; later, large villages

Hohokam Etching, “Horned Toad” What is unusual about this seashell etching that, along with other seashells, was found by archaeologists in ancient Hohokam sites?

H. Traded widely with other culture groups. EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA. 1400 CE I. Hohokam A. Location: _______________ B. Climate: ________________ C. Most noted for agriculture. Farming was possible due to ________ D. Tools: wooden digging sticks, thin rock slab hoes, shoulder blades of large animals E. Crops: cotton, tobacco, maize (corn), beans and squash F. Other Food: cacti, seed grass,birds, reptiles, rodents, rabbits, deer, elk. They hunted with bow and arrow. They dried meat and used hides for clothing, shelter, jewelry, and trade. G. Shelter: at first, pit houses; later, villages (Copy) H. Traded widely with other culture groups.

Each Hohokam village had at least one ball field Each Hohokam village had at least one ball field. In addition to sport, the fields were used for dances and other ceremonies.

I. Entertainment: ________________________ EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA. 1400 CE I. Hohokam A. Location: _______________ B. Climate: ________________ C. Most noted for agriculture. Farming was possible due to ________ D. Tools: wooden digging sticks, thin rock slab hoes, shoulder blades of large animals E. Crops: cotton, tobacco, maize (corn), beans and squash F. Other Food: cacti, seed grass,birds, reptiles, rodents, rabbits, deer, elk. They hunted with bow and arrow. They dried meat and used hides for clothing, shelter, jewelry, and trade. G. Shelter: at first, pit houses; later, villages H. Traded widely with other culture groups. (Copy and complete) I. Entertainment: ________________________

EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA. 1400 CE I. Hohokam A. Location: _______________ B. Climate: ________________ C. Most noted for agriculture. Farming was possible due to ________ D. Tools: wooden digging sticks, thin rock slab hoes, shoulder blades of large animals E. Crops: cotton, tobacco, maize (corn), beans and squash F. Other Food: cacti, seed grass,birds, reptiles, rodents, rabbits, deer, elk. They hunted with bow and arrow. They dried meat and used hides for clothing, shelter, jewelry, and trade. G. Shelter: at first, pit houses; later, villages H. Traded widely with other culture groups. I. Entertainment: ________________________

EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA EARLY PREHISTORIC NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE GROUPS, CA. 1200 BCE – CA. 1400 CE I. Hohokam A. Location: _______________ B. Climate: ________________ C. Most noted for agriculture. Farming was possible due to ________ D. Tools: wooden digging sticks, thin rock slab hoes, shoulder blades of large animals E. Crops: cotton, tobacco, maize (corn), beans and squash F. Other Food: cacti, seed grass,birds, reptiles, rodents, rabbits, deer, elk. They hunted with bow and arrow. They dried meat and used hides for clothing, shelter, jewelry, and trade. G. Shelter: at first, pit houses; later, villages H. Traded widely with other culture groups. I. Entertainment: ________________________ (Copy) II. Anasazi

Location: Modern-day Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado. II. Anasazi (Copy) Location: Modern-day Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado. B. Climate: Dry; hot summers, cold winters, snow in Utah and Colorado

Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park

II. Anasazi Location: Modern-day Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado. B. Climate: Dry; hot summers, cold winters, snow in Utah and Colorado (Copy) C. Noted for pueblo “houses” reached by entry ladders. During enemy attack, the ladders could be lifted.

White House Ruins, Canyon de Chelly National Monument

Doorways, Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

II. Anasazi Location: Modern-day Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado. B. Climate: Dry; hot summers, cold winters, snow in Utah and Colorado C. Noted for pueblo “houses” reached by entry ladders. During enemy attack, the ladders could be lifted. (Copy) D. Crops/Food: corn, beans, and squash. Enough corn was being raised to create a surplus. They domesticated turkeys and used bows/arrows for hunting.

                           Anasazi Basket - Mesa Verde NP

Anasazi Cup - Mesa Verde NP

Anasazi Pot

E. Also noted for baskets and pottery. Purpose: ________ II. Anasazi Location: Modern-day Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado. B. Climate: Dry; hot summers, cold winters, snow in Utah and Colorado C. Noted for pueblo “houses” reached by entry ladders. During enemy attack, the ladders could be lifted. D. Crops/Food: corn, beans, and squash. Enough corn was being raised to create a surplus. They domesticated turkeys and used bows/arrows for hunting. (Copy) E. Also noted for baskets and pottery. Purpose: ________

Reconstructed Mesa Verde “Jackal,” or Storage Area

These storage bins are hidden under overhanging rock ledges, possibly to protect the contents from the sun and probably to guard the food stores from non-farming nomadic groups that travelled in the same area.

F. Baskets and pottery full of surplus food were put in storage areas. II. Anasazi Location: Modern-day Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado. B. Climate: Dry; hot summers, cold winters, snow in Utah and Colorado C. Noted for pueblo “houses” reached by entry ladders. During enemy attack, the ladders could be lifted. D. Crops/Food: corn, beans, and squash. Enough corn was being raised to create a surplus. They domesticated turkeys and used bows/arrows for hunting. E. Also noted for baskets and pottery. Purpose: ________ Copy: F. Baskets and pottery full of surplus food were put in storage areas.

II. Anasazi Location: Modern-day Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado. B. Climate: Dry; hot summers, cold winters, snow in Utah and Colorado C. Noted for pueblo “houses” reached by entry ladders. During enemy attack, the ladders could be lifted. D. Crops/Food: corn, beans, and squash. Enough corn was being raised to create a surplus. They domesticated turkeys and used bows/arrows for hunting. E. Also noted for baskets and pottery. Purpose: ________ F. Baskets and pottery full of surplus food were put in storage areas.

Canyonlands Granary

(Copy) III. Moundbuilders II. Anasazi Location: Modern-day Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado. B. Climate: Dry; hot summers, cold winters, snow in Utah and Colorado C. Noted for pueblo “houses” reached by entry ladders. During enemy attack, the ladders could be lifted. D. Crops/Food: corn, beans, and squash. Enough corn was being raised to create a surplus. They domesticated turkeys and used bows/arrows for hunting. E. Also noted for baskets and pottery. Purpose: ________ F. Baskets and pottery full of surplus food were put in storage areas. (Copy) III. Moundbuilders

Location: modern-day Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois. III. Moundbuilders (Copy) Location: modern-day Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois. B. Food sources: hunting, foraging, trading and agriculture.

Monks Mound, located at the Cahokia Mounds UNESCO World Heritage Site near Collinsville, Illinois, is the largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in America north of Mesoamerica. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)

largest conical mounds in the United States. Grave Creek Mound, located in Moundsville, West Virginia, is one of the largest conical mounds in the United States. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)

III. Moundbuilders Location: modern-day Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois. B. Food sources: hunting, foraging, trading and agriculture. (Copy) C. Most noted for huge mounds. Purposes: burials and religious ceremonies, including human sacrifice. People were buried with their possessions.

Copper Spearpoints

Strings of small and large copper beads, shell beads, a crescent-shaped earring and finely polished stone artifacts from the Moundbuilders.

Serpent made of the mineral mica

Copper falcon effigy

Copper breastplate

Human effigy carved from stone

Limestone human head effigy

Carved ceremonial pipes

A human head effigy crafted from sandstone.- Ohio

III. Moundbuilders A. Location: modern-day Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois. B. Most noted for huge mounds. Purposes: burials and religious ceremonies. (Source of art images: http://www.burlingtonnews.net/centerindiansa.html) C. Most noted for huge mounds. Purposes: burials and religious ceremonies, including human sacrifice. People were buried with their possessions. (Copy) D. Also noted for skilled use of shells, stone, copper, mica, and other minerals for carving and making tools, jewelry, and effigies.

IV. Other information about early cultures III. Moundbuilders A. Location: modern-day Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois. B. Most noted for huge mounds. Purposes: burials and religious ceremonies. (Source of art images: http://www.burlingtonnews.net/centerindiansa.html) C. Most noted for huge mounds. Purposes: burials and religious ceremonies, including human sacrifice. People were buried with their possessions. D. Also noted for skilled use of shells, stone, copper, mica, and other minerals for carving and making tools, jewelry, and effigies. (Copy) IV. Other information about early cultures (Directions: Read pp. 28-31 in your text. For letters A-E, write important/interesting facts about the culture groups not already in your notes. You may use information on the Cahokia, but do not move on to “Other Native North Americans.” Write in clear, complete, specific sentences that make sense all by themselves. Example: DO write “The Mogollon style of pottery is still popular among Southwest artists today. DO NOT write “Their style of pottery is still popular.”