Chemolithotrophic proteobacteria S and Iron oxidizing (SCIENCE 284: 16 April 1999) Thiomargarita namibiensis Beggiatoa (Winogradsky column) Thiothrix/Thioplaca Thiobacillus endosymbionts of deep-sea vent invertebrates

Nitrifiers Nitrosonomas and Nitrobacter Winogradsky

Hydrogen oxidizers Alcaligenes ”Knallgas reaction“ 2 H 2 + O H 2 O

Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs Not all methylotrophs are methanotrophs Use methanol, methylamine, formate and (methane) Type 1 (ribulose monophosphate pathway) and II (serine pathway), membranes differ too –Type 1 membranes are throughout cell –Type II on periphery of cell Endosymbionts in deep-sea vent mussels

Photosynthetic proteobacteria Purple phototrophic proteobacteria (bacteriochlorophylls and photophosphorylation) Purple sulfur, eg. Chromatium Below is Chromatium tempedium from Yellowstone, that grows above 50C. Notice the phase-bright sulfur granules

Purple non-sulfur (photoheterotrophs) (other groups in the Bacteria that photosynthesize?, green sulfur, green filamentous, cyanobacteria)

Spirilla: Spirillum _some magnetotactic e.g. Magnetospirillum Bdellovibrio, attack gram – bacteria, see developmental cycle

Sulfate/sulfur reducers Desulfurovibrio, Desulfuromonoas, anoxic habitats, compete with methanogens use, H 2, lactate as e'donors and sulfate or sulfur as e'acceptor. What is the product?

Budding and stalked Hyphomicrobium (methylotroph), budding Caulobacter, stalked, see cycle

Sheathed Proteobacteria: e.g Leptothrix Mn O 2 + H 2 O --- Mn O 2 + 2H + delta G –68kJ

Fermentative rods and vibrios 1.Enterics (gamma) Gram -, nonsporulating, facultative aerobes, fermentative, opportunistic pathogens 2 types: mixed acid fermenters (produce acid) E. coli OR 2,3-butanediol fermenters (produce neutral products) Enterobacter aerogenes/Erwinia Escherichia Salmonella typhi- typhoid fever Serratia marcescens (Bright red pigment- prodigiosin) Xenorhabdus (bioluminescence) Klebsiella pneumoniae (not normally pathogenic)

Vibrio, Photobacterium V. cholerae Photobacterium –O2 required for luciferase activity –Quorum sensing –FMNH 2 + O 2 +RCHO ---- FMN +RCOOH + H 2 O + hv –Need flavin mononucleotide, aliphatic aldehyde, O 2, and enzyme. E- donor is NADH

Oxidative rods and cocci Pseudomonads (human pathogens, biodegraders, plant pathogens) Azotobacter and free-living N-fixers Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium: symbiotic N- fixers Agrobacterium, crown gall Acetobacter and Gluconobacter Legionella, Neisseria Rickettsia obligate parasite, Rocky mountain spotted fever