The KM3NeT Project: A km 3 -scale Mediterranean Neutrino Telescope Oleg Kalekin For the KM3NeT Consortium Locating PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators Adelaide, 6-8 Dec 2006

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide2 Astro- & particle physics with  telescopes Role of the Earth:  Screening against all particles except neutrinos.  Atmosphere = target for production of secondary neutrinos. Cherenkov light:  In water: θ C ≈ 43°  Spectral range used: ~ nm. Neutrino reactions (key reaction is  N→  X):  Cross sections and reaction mechanisms known from accelerator experiments  Extrapolation to highest energies (> 100 TeV) uncertain.

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide3 Astro- & particle physics with  telescopes Low-energy limit: short muon range small number of photons detected background light from K40 decays High-energy limit: neutrino flux decreases like E –n (n ≈ 2) large detection volume needed.

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide4 Sources of  and  CR interactions with protons (photons)  pp(p  )   ,  o, …       e   e  o   hadron decays are producing fluxes of high energy and   (E  ) Parameterization of energy spectra of secondary particles Kelner, Aharonian, Bugayov: Phys Review D 74, (2008)  (E p )  (E  )

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide5 Sources for NeT Catalog of H.E.S.S. sources: > 30 sources of VHE  Rays All sources are considered as potential CR accelerators

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide6 Sources for NeT Example: neutrino spectra for 2 sources: RX J and Vela X A.Kappes et al., astro-ph/ KM3NeT km 3 detector, a few years of operation

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide7 The Neutrino Telescope World Map ANTARES + NEMO + NESTOR join their efforts to prepare a km 3 -scale neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean  KM3NeT Design Study

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide8 The KM3NeT Design Study Negotiations are successfully concluded with a contract between the EC and the KM3NeT consortium The EU funds the three-year KM3NeT Design Study with 9 million € Total volume ~20 million €, ~370 person-years Start date: February 1, 2006 Major objectives: Conceptual Design Report by End 2007 Technical Design Report by February 2009

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide9 The KM3NeT Vision  KM3NeT will be a multidisciplinary research infrastructure: -Data will be publicly available -Implementation of specific online filter algorithms will yield particular sensitivity in predefined directions  non-KM3NeT members can apply for observation time -Data will be buffered to respond to GRB alerts etc -Deep-sea access for marine sciences.  KM3NeT is a European project -9 European countries involved in Design Study -Substantial funding already now from national agencies -Later will be open for others

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide10 KM3NeT Design Study: Participants Cyprus: Univ. Cyprus France: CEA/Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3 (CPP Marseille, IreS Strasbourg, APC Paris-7), Univ. Mulhouse/GRPHE, IFREMER Germany: Univ. Erlangen, Univ. Kiel Greece: HCMR, Hellenic Open Univ., NCSR Demokritos, NOA/Nestor, Univ. Athens Italy: CNR/ISMAR, INFN (Univs. Bari, Bologna, Catania, Genova, Napoli, Pisa, Roma-1, LNS Catania, LNF Frascati), INGV, Tecnomare SpA Ireland: DIAS (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies) Netherlands: NIKHEF/FOM (incl. Univ. Amsterdam, Univ. Utrecht, KVI Groningen) Spain: IFIC/CSIC Valencia, Univ. Valencia, UP Valencia UK: Univ. Aberdeen, Univ. Leeds, Univ. Liverpool, Univ. Sheffield Particle/Astroparticle institutes (30) – Sea science/technology institutes (7) – Coordinator

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide11 Objectives and Scope of the Design Study Time schedule (partly speculative & optimistic): Start of Design Study April 2006Kick-off Meeting End 2007Conceptual Design Report February 2009Technical Design Report Preparation Phase (possibly in FP7) Construction xxData taking

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide12 ANTARES: Detector Design String-based detector; Underwater connections by deep-sea submersible; Downward-looking PMs, axis at 45 O to vertical; 2500 m deep.

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide13 NESTOR: Rigid Structures Forming Towers Tower based detector (titanium structures). Dry connections (recover−connect−redeploy). Up- and downward looking PMs m deep. First floor (reduced size) deployed & operated in 2003.

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide14 The NEMO Project Extensive site exploration (Capo Passero near Catania, depth 3340 m); R&D towards km 3 : architecture, mechanical structures, readout, electronics, cables...; Simulation. Example: Flexible tower  16 arms per tower, 20 m arm length, arms 40 m apart;  64 PMs per tower;  Underwater connections;  Up- and downward-looking PMs

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide15 Photo detectors optimisation Price / photocathode area

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide16 Layout optimisation Performance above a few TeV can be increased by increasing the instrumented volume, BUT at the cost of low energy efficiency S.Kuch Astro-ph/

Oleg Kalekin University Erlangen 8 Dec 2006 PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide17 Conclusions and Outlook The Mediterranean-Sea neutrino telescope groups NESTOR, ANTARES and NEMO comprise the leading expertise in this field. They have united their efforts to prepare together the future, km 3 - scale deep-sea detector. An EU-funded Design Study (KM3NeT) provides substantial resources for an intense 3-year R&D phase started on February 1, Technical Design Report by Feb Target dates: to start construction 2010 and data taking 2011