Oceans/Marine Biology By Ms. Avery 8 th grade Science

What do humans need to survive? (answer on paper)  What is necessary for humans to live?  Where do humans get the things they need to survive?  What sort of impact do you think would happen if any one thing needed for survival was no longer available? More than one?  How are nutrients and minerals used by the human body?

What does the Ocean need to survive? (answer on paper)  What are some things that live in the ocean?  What do these life forms need to survive?  What would happen if these nutrients or minerals were not available?  What is the connection between humans and living things in the ocean?

Oceanic Animal categories (write on paper)  Plankton: small organisms  Nekton: free swimming Ex. Dolphins, seals, sharks, fish Ex. Dolphins, seals, sharks, fish  Benthos: attached or near to ocean floor Ex.: Coral, starfish, seaurchins Ex.: Coral, starfish, seaurchins

Ocean Life Zones (write on paper)  Intertidal: (Benthos and some nekton): Coastline (beach) ex. Crabs, small fish  Neritic Zone (Nekton and some Benthos): Coral Reefs, Kelp Forests, Salt marshes, Estuaries ex. Coral, starfish, clown fish  Oceanic: Open Ocean (Nekton) ex. Sharks and whales  Deep Sea: 1000m and below ex. Giant octopus, giant squid, angler fish

Classification  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species

 On paper write at least 2 facts from each of the next 4 slides (classes, plankton/benthos, fish and sharks/rays, and marine mammals)

Ocean Animal Classes  Osteichthyes-bony fish  Chondrichthyes- sharks and rays  Mammals—whales, seals, dolphins, walrus, otters, polar bears, sea lions  Birds- penguins, sea gulls, etc.  Reptilia- sea snakes, sea turtles  Cnidaria-jellyfish, sea anemones  Molluska-whelk, clam, squid, octupus  Phylum Arthropoda- horse shoe crabs, blue crabs  Protista- dinoflagellates, diatoms  Echinodermata-sea urchins, sand dollars star fish

Plankton and Benthos Animals  Plankton  Benthos Attached or near ocean floor Includes: Cnidaria (coral, sea anemones), Molluska (whelk, squid, clam, oyster), Arthropoda (horseshoe crab, blue crab) Autotrophs- make own food Heterotrophs -eat food Phytoplankton- ”plantae” and some plant-like protists Zooplankton- “Animalia” Some are babies And develop into Bigger animals. Others spend whole Life as plankton

Plankton and Benthos

Fish and Sharks/Rays  Osteichthyes (bony fish) Free swimming-nekton Free swimming-nekton Ex. Flounder, clownfish, rainbowfish, seahorse Ex. Flounder, clownfish, rainbowfish, seahorse Heterotrophs-eat Heterotrophs-eat  Chondrichthyes (cartilage) Free swimming-nekton Ex. Sharks and rays Heterotrophs-eat Made entirely of cartilage

Fish, Sharks, and Rays

Marine Mammals  Free swimming/land dwelling-nekton  Heterotrophs-eat  Give live birth, mammary glands, hair or fur, breathe Oxygen (use blow hole if live life in water  Orders: 1. Carnivora (polar bears, sea otters, seals, sea lions, and walruses) 2. Sirenia (manatee, dugong) 3. Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises)

Marine Mammals

Ocean Environments/Habitats On paper write at least 2 facts about each type of environment

Rocky Shoreline vs. Beach shoreline  Rocky Shoreline: Intertidal zone Intertidal zone Mainly benthos but some nekton Mainly benthos but some nekton Changes in salinity, temperature, and water levels Changes in salinity, temperature, and water levels Hard substrate to be attached to Hard substrate to be attached to Rough wave action Rough wave action  Beach Shoreline: Intertidal zone Almost all benthos, few nekton Some land/air creatures (ex. Ghost crabs, sea gulls) Changes in salinity, temperature, and water levels Soft substrate (can’t really attach) Usually light wave action

Floating Docks  Some benthos and nekton  Intertidal  Changes in salinity, temperature, and water levels  Hard substrate to attach to  Wave action from boats

Salt Marshes and Estuaries  Salt Marsh Neritic zone Neritic zone Higher salinity levels Higher salinity levels Along coast Along coast Changes in water levels and temperatures Changes in water levels and temperatures Nurseries for baby fish Nurseries for baby fish High levels of nutrients High levels of nutrients  Estuary Ex. Bays Neritic zone Mixture of fresh and salt water Along coast Changes in water levels and temperature Nurseries for baby fish High levels of nutrients

Coral Reef and Kelp Forest  Coral Reef Hot Hot Neritic Neritic Nekton and benthos Nekton and benthos Coral (tiny animals) deposit limestone which forms reef—also add to it when they die—animals and plants grow and live on the reef Coral (tiny animals) deposit limestone which forms reef—also add to it when they die—animals and plants grow and live on the reef Delicate balance, diverse life forms Delicate balance, diverse life forms  Kelp Forest Cold Kelp is a protist Clear, semi-shallow water Can get up to 40 m deep Animals that live here are nekton and benthos neritic Nutrient rich

Coral Reef and Kelp Forest

Arctic/Polar  Cold  High salinity in water because of glaciers  Melting/freezing habitat  Nutrient rich waters  Mainly nekton (not much for benthos animals to attach to)  Intertidal/Neritic

Open Ocean  Cool  Nekton  Mainly fish  No shelter  Many large predators

Deep Sea  High pressure  Dark  Cold  Lots of nutrients from dead organisms that sink from surface  Nutrients from hydrothermal vents (hot here)  Low dissolved oxygen  Nekton with a few benthos around vents ***Hydrothermal Vents: Depend on chemosynthetic bacteria (not plankton) -Hot-High Pressure -Deep

Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Food Webs  Includes water and land animals  Fresh and salt water  Ex. Plankton---little fish---seal---polar bear  Write your own example  How would water pollution effect the food chain?

Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Food Webs  Includes water and land animals  Can be Fresh and/or Salt water  Ex. Plankton---little fish---seal---polar bear Write your own example (both land and water)-on your paper  How would water pollution effect the food chain you created?

Chemicals and Minerals

Dissolved Gases   GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE and the amounts of them dissolved in ocean water:   *Note: This includes all four forms of CO2 Molecule Percent in atmospher e Equilibrium concentratio n in seawater (mg/kg) N278%12.5 O221%7 Ar1%0.4 CO20.03%90*