AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CH 15n 26o CLASS NOTES STATE ORGANIZATION AND NATIONAL POWER

To understand State power… Look at traits of state & Relationships between states Colonialism Era projects European power to the rest of the world

Political Geography How do people claim ownership of a particular place? What happens when more than one group of people claim the same space? Why are some country’s borders so strange?

First Wave Colonization

The Second Wave of Colonization The “Scramble for Africa”

Nations colonize… WHY / HOW?? to make money!!! Economy / Trade usually =‘s country’s power

GEOPOLITICS Study of international political relationships & the territorial / environmental context which they occur Economic power is key to political power

ORGANIC THEORY Friedrich Ratzel States are living organisms “Consume” others to survive How???

WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY Immanuel Wallerstien World is interlocked system of states Developing dependent on Developed (C-P Model) Argue Counter Dependent???

Core / Periphery / Semi-Periphery

Character of the State CORE AREA – (C-P Model) National heartland from which “state” spread Largest Pop. Cluster Usually contains capital Most productive region Central & accessible

World Conquest Theory… HEARTLAND THEORY Sir Halford Mackinder Land Power = World Conquest Eurasia = “World Island” Defense / Resources / Manpower

RIMLAND THEORY Nicolas Spykman Eurasian RIM is key – Coastal Sea Power = Colonization Alliances to “contain” Heartland

USA “Contains” Communism

Capital City – Political nerve center of the country (seat of Gov’t)

Primate City – Country’s largest city – representing best the national culture (usually capital) Mexico City London Paris

Mexico City

Paris

London

New London CBD

Move capital to one to achieve some national goal Forward Capitals – Move capital to one to achieve some national goal Pakistan > Karachi to Islamabad (1960) Brazil > Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia (1960) Nigeria> Lagos to Abuja (1991) USA > Philadelphia to Wash. DC (1790)

Karachi

Islamabad

Rio de Janeiro

Brasilia

Unitary State – (older European) N/S with centralized Gov’t exerting power equally over all parts of the state (Paris – France)

Federal State – political system which unites N/S under common goals But allows indiv. states to maintain ID’s & laws (USA)

Electoral Geography Study of voting systems and behavior Special interest in representation How voting districts are drawn up Gerrymandering – (re-) drawing districts for voting advantage

(Don’t Write!!!!!) "The term gerrymandering is derived from Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814), the governor of Massachusetts from 1810 to 1812. In 1812, Governor Gerry signed a bill into law that redistricted his state to overwhelmingly benefit his party, the Republican Party. The opposition party, the Federalists, were quite upset. One of the congressional districts was shaped very strangely and, as the story goes, one Federalist remarked that the district looked like a salamander. No, said another Federalist, it's a gerrymander. The Boston Weekly Messenger brought the term gerrymander into common usage when it subsequently printed an editorial cartoon that showed the district in question with a monster's head, arms, and tail and named the creature a gerrymander."

“Gerrymander”