SOUTH AMERICA II (CHAPTER 5: 251-277)

REGIONS OF THE REALM Caribbean North Brazil Andean West Southern Cone Colombia Venezuela Guyana Suriname French Guiana Brazil Andean West Peru Ecuador Bolivia Southern Cone Argentina Chile Uruguay Paraguay

BRAZIL South America’s Giant World rankings Population size - 5th Territory - 5th Economy - 8th Industrial base - 8th

BRAZIL CONTAINS HALF THE CONTINENT’S LAND AND PEOPLE A FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF 26 STATES ETHNIC DIVERSITY - MIXTURE OF EUROPEAN, AFRICAN, AND AMERINDIAN PEOPLES PORTUGUESE - SPEAKING & ROMAN CATHOLIC ADHERENTS SUBSTANTIAL MINERAL RESOURCES: IRON, ALUMINUM ORE, MANGANESE, OIL, AND GAS

A Two Class System? GNP per capita-$4,630 Largest income gap in the realm Wealthiest 10% of the population... own 2/3 of the land control over 50% of the country’s wealth Poverty has increased by 50% since 1980

BRAZIL (CONTINUED) GREAT CITIES DEVELOPING THE AMAZON RIO DE JANEIRO - CULTURAL FOCUS SAO PAULO - INDUSTRIAL HUB BRASILIA - A “FORWARD CAPITAL” DEVELOPING THE AMAZON “GROWTH POLE” CONCEPT ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

FORWARD CAPITAL CAPITAL CITY POSITIONED IN A CONTESTED OR POTENTIALLY CONTESTED TERRITORY USUALLY NEAR AN INTERNATIONAL BORDER CONFIRMS THE STATE’S DETERMINATION TO MAINTAIN ITS PRESENCE IN THE TERRITORY UNDER CONTENTION ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN BRASILIA, BRAZIL (INTERNAL FRONTIER – “GROWTH POLE CONCEPT”)

FORWARD CAPITAL - BRASILIA Is the capital city positioned in a contested or potentially contested territory? Is it near an international border? Does it confirm the state’s intent to maintain its presence in the territory under contention?

GROWTH POLE THEORY AIMS TO PROMOTE GROWTH IN THE HINTERLANDS AUGMENTED BY INVESTMENT SUPPORT IN AN ATTEMPT TO SPREAD ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND BENEFITS CREATE JOBS IN DEPRESSED AREAS REDUCE UNEVEN CONCENTRATIONS OF WEALTH DECENTRALIZE INDUSTRY SETS OFF “RIPPLES” OF DEVELOPMENT

Sao Paulo Status of separate state because of its success Leading industrial producer Agricultural production and expansion coffee orange juice soybeans

GDP TOTAL LAND AREA POPULATION INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT Sao Paulo All Others 3% 57% Sao Paulo All Others 43% 97% TOTAL LAND AREA GDP Sao Paulo All Others Sao Paulo 55% 76% 24% All Others 45% POPULATION INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT

SAO PAULO’S SUCCESS STORY Fazendas revenues Immigration skilled labor Relative location ores from Minas Gerais hydroelectric power port of Santos

THE NORTH (CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA) VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, GUYANA, SURINAME, FRENCH GUIANA REGIONAL CHARACTER: COASTAL LOCATIONS, EARLY EUROPEAN PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT, FORCED MIGRATION OF BLACK LABORERS VENEZUELA - 25.2 MILLION PEOPLE OIL FROM LAKE MARACAIBO IS CHIEF RESOURCE CARACUS & VALENCIA - KEY CITIES

CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA (CONTINUED) COLOMBIA - 41.6 MILLION PEOPLE COFFEE, OIL & COAL - MAJOR EXPORTS COCAINE - LEADING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TORN BY INTERNAL VIOLENCE BOGOTA & MEDELLIN - KEY CITIES THE GUIANAS (FRENCH GUIANA, GUYANA, SURINAME) - POPULATIONS< 1.5 MILLION ETHNICALLY DIVERSE POVERTY STRICKEN FACE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS

THE NORTH (CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA)

THE WEST (ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA) PERU, ECUADOR, BOLIVIA REGIONAL CHARACTER: AMERINDIAN POPULATIONS, SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, MOUNTAINOUS ENVIRONMENTS, POVERTY PERU - 28.3 MILLION PEOPLE LIMA IS ITS PRIMATE CITY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - FISHING, IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE, SUGAR, COTTON, RICE, FRUIT, OIL, MINERALS (AN EMERGING ECONOMY!)

ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA (CONTINUED) ECUADOR - 13.1 MILLION PEOPLE MAIN EXPORTS: OIL, COFFEE, CACAO, BANANAS GUAYAQUIL - LARGEST CITY AND COMMERCIAL CENTER QUITO - CAPITAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER BOLIVIA - 8.6 MILLION PEOPLE (DISPERSED) LANDLOCKED MAIN EXPORTS: TIN AND ZINC

THE WEST (ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA)

THE SOUTH (MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA) THE SOUTHERN CONE: ARGENTINA, CHILE, PARAGUAY, URUGUAY HEART OF EUROPEAN-COMMERCIAL CULTURE SPHERE ARGENTINA - 37.8 MILLION PEOPLE 90% URBANIZED, PERIPHERAL BUENOS AIRES (12.9 MILLION) - A CLASSIC PRIMATE CITY EXPORTS: CEREALS, MEATS, VEGETABLE OILS

THE SOUTH: MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA (CONTINUED) URUGUAY - 3.3 MILLION PEOPLE MONTEVIDEO - CLASSIC PRIMATE CITY MOST EUROPEAN OF SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES EXPORTS: HIDES, MEATS,TEXTILES PARAGUAY - 5.8 MILLION 95% MESTIZO LANDLOCKED LOCATION CHILE- AN “ELONGATED STATE” EXPORTS: COPPER AND NITRATES

THE SOUTH (SOUTHERN CONE)

SOUTH AMERICA II (CHAPTER 5: 251-277)