SUMMARY WRITING

Suggested procedure Reading the source text Headings to pgs. Grouping pgs. (text segmentation) Turning notes into full sentences Technicalities: layout + spell/grammar check

Requirements for a good summary Introduction: (usually one sentence or one paragraph) covers the main topic + the source e.g. The Economist of 16 June 2007 reports on the problem of ...... This is further related to … Concision (as brief as possible, danger: loss of clarity) Clarity (clear words/sentences/overall structure; topic sentences, paragraphing, connectors) Objectivity(only the author’s ideas, no personal views) Accuracy (true and precise information on essential ideas) Completeness(all key ideas, not necessarily in the same order ) Coherence and cohesion(the text runs smoothly; sentences and paragraphs are logically linked) Rephrasing* sentences (avoid copying, rewrite in your own words if possible)

Is this a coherent text? The Economist (7Oct 2006) reports on battles for natural resources that are being supplemented by the battles for talent. W.Churchill observed that “the empires of the future will be the empires of the mind.” Human resources managers point out in some surveys that “attracting and retaining” talent is their number one goal. The hunt for talent has gone global. Companies are moving better jobs offshore and governments have progressed from relaxing immigration laws to luring highly qualified people. Only talent does not guarantee good management. Components like experience, ethical codes and internal controls are also needed. In Enron, talent was promoted faster than other components.

Better if paragraphed?? The Economist (7Oct 2006) reports on battles for natural resources that are being supplemented by the battles for talent. W.Churchill observed that “the empires of the future will be the empires of the mind.” Human resources managers point out in some surveys that “attracting and retaining” talent is their number one goal. The hunt for talent has gone global. Companies are moving better jobs offshore and governments have progressed from relaxing immigration laws to luring highly qualified people. Only talent does not guarantee good management. Components like experience, ethical codes and internal controls are also needed. In Enron, talent was promoted faster than other components.

Cohesion The Economist (7Oct 2006) reports on battles for natural resources that are being supplemented by the battles for talent. This is in line with the opinion of W.Churchill who said that “the empires of the future will be the empires of the mind.” Also, human resources managers point out in some surveys that “attracting and retaining” talent is their number one goal. Indeed, the hunt for talent has gone global. Companies are moving better jobs offshore and governments have progressed from relaxing immigration laws to luring highly qualified people. However, talent only does not guarantee good management. Components like experience, ethical codes and internal controls are also needed.This is proved by the case of Enron where talent was promoted faster than the other components.

ASSESSMENT (proper spelling and layout are taken for granted) CRITERIA Intro: 2 Accur: 3 (approx.) Conc: 3 (approx.) Comp: 3 (approx.) Clar: 3 (approx.) Obj: 2 (approx.) Reph: 2 (approx.) Coh: 2 (approx.) Tot: 20 GRADING SCALE: 18.5-20= 5 (excellent) 16.5-18= 4 (v.good) 12.5-16= 3 (good) 10.5-12= 2 (sufficient) 0-10 = 1 (fail)

George Orwell’s six elementary rules for good writing (aimed for native speakers of English) Avoid clichés (e.g. metaphor much used in print) Use short words if possible. Long words tend to obscure the meaning, or reveal the lack of it). e.g. participate → take part approximately → about Cut out unnecessary words Use the active if possible (avoid the passive) (!) Prefer everyday English words to foreign or scientific ones Break all these rules if necessary (Politics and the English Language, 1946)

Clear thinking is the key to clear writing (Economist Style Guide) Dear Sir or Madam At times, just one sentence in The Economist can give us hours of enjoyment, such as “Yet German diplomats in Belgrade failed to persuade their government that it was wrong to think that the threat of international recognition of Croatia and Slovenia would itself deter Serbia.” During my many years as a reader of your newspaper I have distilled two lessons about the use of our language. Firstly, it is usually easier to write a double negative than it is to intepret it. Secondly, unless the description of an event which is considered to be not without consequence includes a double... negative, then it cannot be disproven that the writer has neglected to eliminate other interpretations of the event which are not satisfactory in light of other possibly not unrelated events which might not have occurred at all. For these reasons, I have not neglected your timely reminder that I ought not to let my subscription lapse- It certainly cannot be said that I am an unhappy reader. Yours faithfully Willard Dunning

World-Class universities Source: Salmi, J. (2009) World-Class universities Source: Salmi, J. (2009).The Challenge of Establishing World-Class Universities. IBRD/The World Bank. THES:subjective inputs (peer review,employer surveys) +objective inputs (quant.data: no.of intern. stud/faculty) +faculty influence (e.g. no. of citations/publications, Nobel prizes, ...) SJTU: objective inputs only *FT Executive Education ranking based on teaching methods, new skills, programme design, aims achieved, value for money, ... :

What makes a world-class university? Highly qualified faculty Excellence in research Quality teaching Enough govt/non-govt funding International & highly qualified students Academic freedom Autonomous governance structures Well-equiped teaching/research/administration facilities

In other words, 3 things are needed... High concentration of talent Abundant resources Favourable governance

Bolognese Sauce The Economist, 25 April 2009 NOTES Before Bologna vs. today (pgs. 1,2) Reasons for success (3, 4) Some criticism, too (5) EU vs. US (6,7,8)

Feedback on summaries (pre-teaching assignment) Abbreviations used in my corrections? Avoid one-sentence paragraphs Omit unnecessary detail (e.g. April 28) Break lines only between pgs Some rephrasing is still necessary (despite this course’s language orientation)