Emergence Urban Water Supply — Challenges and Experiences Wenjun Liu, Associate Professor Tsinghua University 13/9, 2006

Main Contents Experiences from Tanshan earthquake Recent emergence water supply cases Preparation for emergency water supply Protocols

Tanshan Earthquake 28/7/1976 Dead: 242, of 38 wells destroyed 9 of 38 wells severely damaged 204 km pipeline damaged No source water, no water supply

Severe sanitation problems, Tanshan Earthquake E. coli exceeded the standards ten, hundred and thousand times No enough disinfection Outbreak of diarrhea, dysentery and other enteric diseases 3 to 7 days reached to the peak of cases

Emergence water supply and recover to normal, Tanshan Earthquake Pipeline recovering: (fire hose pipe), steel pipe Close branch pipe Supply water by main pipe Supply water recovered gradually and scatteredly By 10/10, 1976, whole city was back to normal water supply

Experiences, Tanshan Earthquake Seek new water sources Disinfection Supply water by water truck Supply water recovered gradually and scatteredly Repair water supply facilities rapidly

Recent Emergence Water Supply Cases Songhuajiang River, Harbin city (Nitrobenzene, 11/2005) North River (Cd pollution) (12/2006) Yiluo Branch of Yellow River (Oil, 1/2006) Taihu (Algae Pollution, 8/2006) ….

Harbin City Emergence Water Supply blast of chemical factory Interruption of water supply 4 days Nitrobenzene, benzene …. Jilin Songyuan Harbin

Harbin City Emergence Water Supply Temporary drinking water delivery  Bottled water  Water Tank  Well drilling Research on the best process ofr removal of Nitrobenzene Engineering and equipment preparation and implementation Organization and logistics

Harbin Emergence Water Supply Powered activated carbon Adjust dosing point to significantly increase contact time Retrofit sand filtration to Carbon-sand filtration

Harbin Emergence Water Supply Successfully recover regular water supply prior to the expected time Nitrobenzene much below the limited No secondary pollution occurred

National-wide response to handle emergence water sullpy Organization  Sepa, MOC, MOH… Technical Manual  National level  City level  Industry level Engineering and Implementation

Water Safety and Water Security Natural Occurred disasters Earthquake, volcano, hurricane, Tsunami… Inadvertently Chemical blast, traffic accidents… Intently Terrorism…

Understanding the importance of water safety and security Improve the standards of source water and drinking water security Use of advanced water treatment processes Maintain water security in distribution systems

Fully protection of source water Extend the protection area of source water Enhance monitoring source water quality Prepare multiple source water Build up early-warning system

Technical manual for emergence water supply Determine and understand the susceptible factor of urban water supply system Establish recognition and categorization system of accidents Prepare technical manual for local emergence water supply Establish expert bank

Possible solutions Choose extra water sources Use multi-water sources and water treatment plants Protect water treatment systems Prepare facility for emergence water supply Store materials for emergence water supply Train personnel for emergence water supply

Special water quality system for emergence water supply Decrease water quality limits Reduce water parameters Use rapid analysis methods

Case introduction-Dongguan’s experience Municipal level emergence water supply protocols Organizations Technical manual Engineering implementation

Dongguan’s Emergence water supply protocols Organization and management Leadship and On-site management Decision making and communication Technical manual General information Removal options Engineering implementation Water source and WTPs interaction execution of decisions

Technical manual parameters 《 drinking water standards 》 （ GB ） 98 items Water quality for urban water supply 》 （ CJ/T ） 5 items 《 Standards for source water 》 (GB ) 32items

Contents of the manual General information Property in environment toxicity Comparison of different standards Proposed best removal technology

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