1 From logic to hardware Ellen Spertus MCS 111 November 25, 2003

2 Solderless breadboard

3 Wire wrap

4 Point-to-point solder board

5 Printed circuit boards More robust than other techniques –Less subject to jostling –Able to handle higher frequency signals Easier to mass produce –Setup cost: create initial artwork –Marginal cost: print board, solder in chips

6 Steps Choose technology Create schematic diagram Create artwork Transfer artwork to board Drill and solder

7 Chip packaging Surface mount technology (SMT) Dual inline package (DIP)

8

9 Artwork

10 Silkscreen and top mask

11 Silkscreen and bottom mask

12 Notes Blue silkscreen layer is just for decoration Red lines represent top traces Green lines represent bottom traces Lines don’t intersect Circles represent –holes –vias (to carry signal from top to bottom)

13 Etching artwork onto board Subtractive processes –Begin with copper board –Mask where you want traces –Remove the exposed copper –Wash off mask Additive processes –Begin with nonconductive board –Add conductive traces

14 Transferring artwork to board Press-on or rub-on traces Special markers Iron-on transfers Photographic transfers Direct plotting onto board

15 Silkscreen and mask

16 Mask

17 Remainder of lecture From switches to gates Implementing switches Transistors Building gates from transistors Integrated circuits

18 From switches to gates Innovators –Konrad Zuse (Germany, 1935) –Claude Shannon (United States, 1940)

19 Computer hardware Mechanical relays –Z1 (1938) Electromagnetic relays –Z3 ( ) –Mark 1 (1944) Vacuum tubes –Colossus (1943) –ENIAC (1946) Transistors (1947)

20 Conductors and insulators Conductors –Copper –Water ____________ –Silicon –Germanium Insulators –Rubber

21 Faucet analogy Pictures copyright © 1995 by Azer Bestavros Gate Source Sink

22 Two types of transistors Current flows when gate highCurrent flows when gate low Pictures copyright © 1995 by Azer Bestavros

23 Pictures copyright (c) 1995 by Azer Bestavros

24 Pictures copyright (c) 1995 by Azer Bestavros

25 Pictures copyright (c) 1995 by Azer Bestavros

26 What other gates can we build?

27 Integrated circuits Integrating multiple components (resistors, transistors, and capacitors) onto a single semiconductor chip Inventors –Jack Kilby, TI –Robert Noyce Fairchild Semiconductor Intel

28 Microprocessors Intel 4004 (1971) –2300 transistors –4-bit processor –108 KHz Intel Pentium 4 EE (2003) –169 million transistors –32-bit processor –3.2 GHz –Cache (L1: 8 KB, L2: 512 KB, L3: 2 MB)

29 Creating silicon wafers

30 Opto-lithography and die separation

31 Packaging

32 Moore’s Law The number of transistors that can be placed on the same area of a microprocessor doubles every 1-2 years – Gordon Moore, 1965/1973 Has held true ever since 1965! In 2003, Intel predicted a billion transistors in 2007!