Leadership

2 What do leaders do? Task leadership: – Focus on group’s work & accomplishing goals – To help group achieve its goals, initiate structure, define responsibilities, set standards & objectives, develop SOPs, give evaluative feedback, establish & use external communication networks Relational leadership – Focus on interpersonal relationship within group – To increase socio-emotional satisfaction & teamwork in group, boost morale, give support & encouragement, reduces conflict, establishes rapport, shows concern & consideration for group & members

3 Leadership functions “[the leader's] main job is to do, or get done, whatever is not being adequately handled for group needs” (McGrath) Leader solve group problems by:

4 What do leaders do?

5 Types of leadership behaviors Task focused – Transactional: Rewarding & punishing – Initiating structure: Minimization of role ambiguity and conflict by letting people know what to do (directive) – Boundary spanning: Getting information & resources by connecting outside the group Person focused – Transformation: Sets vision through meaningful and creative exchange with subordinates – Consideration: maintaining close social relationships and group cohesion – Empowerment: development of followers’ self-management or self-leadership skills – Motivation: Encouraging followers to exert effort

6 Classifying leadership behaviors Task Relationship Change Yukl, G., Gordon, A., & Taber, T. (2002). A hierarchical taxonomy of leadership behavior: Integrating a half century of behavior research. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(1),

7 A more elaborate model Burke, et al. (2006). What type of leadership behaviors are functional in teams ? A meta-analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(3),

8 Do these leadership behaviors work? Burke et all meta-analysis – Meta-analysis = quantitative literature review, estimating effect size of relationships or difference

9 Coach P What kind of leader? Was it effective?

10 Does trust in team or leader influence team performance? 30 NCAA basketball teams. 375 surveys Trust in coach scale – Most team members trust and respect the coach. (. 93) – I can talk freely to the coach about difficulties I am having on the team and know that he will want to listen. (. 84) – If I shared my problems with the coach, I know he would respond constructively and caringly. (.90) – I have a sharing relationship with the coach. I can freely share my ideas, feelings, and hopes with him. (. 86) – I would feel a sense of loss if the coach left to take a job elsewhere. (. 96) – The coach approaches his job with professionalism and dedication. (. 87) – Given the coach's past performance, I see no reason to doubt his competence. (. 87) – … Dirks, K. T. (2000). Trust in leadership and team performance: Evidence from NCAA basketball. Journal of applied psychology, 85(6), 1004.

11.44 Good leaders make a difference Prior team performance Future team performance Trust in coach Player talent.44 reduced to Trust in players -.07

12 Much of leadership is influence Gathering information Making decisions Allocating resources Convincing others to carry out the decisions

13 Leadership as influence Forsyth, D. (2010). Group dynamics (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub Co.

14 Leadership as role vs behavior Saw behavior patterns that leaders/managers do Correlational evidence that both task- oriented & personal-oriented behaviors improve group functioning Can think of leadership as the behaviors that are typical of leaders. They don’t have to be done by a formal leader!

15 Vertical vs Shared Leadership If leadership is influence, then it can be exercised by more than a single, formal leader in a group – Many groups (e.g., self-managed teams) don’t have a formal leader – Even in groups with formal leaders, much of the leadership is shared Shared leadership = dynamic, interactive influence process among individuals in groups to lead one another to the achievement of group or organizational goals Pearce, C. L., & Conger, J. A. (2003). Shared leadership: Reframing the hows and whys of leadership: Sage Publications, Inc.

16 Shared Leadership in WikiProjects WikiProject: A group of editors who collaborate on managing & writing a collection of pages on a topic (e.g., military history, medicine, US states) – Defined membership – Production tasks – Variation in how they are run

17 Types of leadership behaviors Providing Positive Feedback Providing Negative Feedback DirectingSocializing Transactional Leadership Aversive Leadership Directive Leadership Person-based Leadership Burke et al 2006, Pearce et al 2002, Yukl

18 Example leadership behavior in Wikipedia Providing positive feedback I am so impressed. This is a very fine article! 18

19 Providing negative feedback “…there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid.... If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days… 19 Example leadership behavior in Wikipedia

20 Directing Hey, one of these days do you think you could take some pictures at Mission Mill? I’d like to spruce up the article but it really needs some photos. Thanks! 20 Example leadership behavior in Wikipedia

21 Socializing Drop me a line on my talk page sometime, we’ll get a coffee over at Hot Rize or the new King Kocoa… 21 Example leadership behavior in Wikipedia

22 Results 22 % % Not receive any message Non- Leadership Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Direction Social Exchange Weekly change in number of edits

23 % Results Non- Leadership Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Direction Social Exchange Weekly change in number of edits

24 19 % ** % Results Non- Leadership Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Direction Social Exchange Weekly change in number of edits

25 14 % ** % Results Non- Leadership Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Direction Social Exchange Weekly change in number of edits

26 9 % ** % Results Non- Leadership Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Direction Social Exchange Weekly change in number of edits

27 23% ** % Results Non- Leadership Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Direction Social Exchange Weekly change in number of edits

28 Experimental replication: Effects of shared leadership Send relevant message to Wikipedians creating new articles Random assignment to: – Neutral – Positive feedback – Negative feedback – Friendly social Compare newcomers and established members’ response to leadership messages. 28 VS

29 Strong Effects on Newcomers 29 * * * Newcomers’ Total Number of Edits

30 Established Editors’ Total Number of Edits No Effects on Established Members Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Directive Message Social Message