Bio-energy in Poland Bioresources, industry & RTD potentials Grzegorz Wisniewski EC Baltic Renewable Energy Centre – Centre of Excellence Institute for Building, Mechanisation and Electrification of Agriculture Warsaw, Poland, „International Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe: Perspectives for R&D Co-operation”. A contribution within the context of the Weimar Triangle Warsaw, October 7 th, 2004

Poland: general data: land use General data Area 312 thous km2 Forestry area 8,9 mln ha Woodiness9,4% Timber removals 26,9 hm 3 Agriculture land 18,4 mln ha Sown area 2,6 mln ha

Opportunities for energy crops in the EU NMS Biggest bio-energy export potential

Policy & legal drivers for RES in Poland and EU NMS CountryRES targets (primary energy) RES-E targets 2010 RES Act or national programme Environmental funds Feed-in tariff/quota obligation Cyprus9% 20106%National Programme ? Czech Republic4% % %National Program Estonia-5,1% Hungary7,2 % 20103,6%National Programe under preparation Latvia12% ,3% Lithuania-7%National Program Malta-5%? Poland7% % ,5%Biofuel act- quota targets (biodiesel and bioethanol) Quota obligation* Slovakia4% %? Slovenia12% ,6% * Usually quota obligation does not favour advanced technology development

Forecast for the primary energy use in Poland till 2020 in PJ, „National Energy Policy”, reference scenario No nuclear energy in Poland!

Utilisation of renewable energy sources in Poland ‘2002 (source: EC BREC) *Biomass – 92% of total production of renewable energy Source Capacity (MW) Electricity Production (GWh) Heat production (TJ) Total energy production (TJ) Contribution to total energy production Biomass~ Solar Geothermal + heat pumps Wind Hydro (small plants <5 MW) 524 (185)2276 (698)-8192 (2511)7.3 (2.2) Total ~

Expected structure of capacity increase in RES in Poland National Renewable Energy Strategy ‘2001 RES target ‘2010 – - 7,5% TPS Official short term technological priorities?

Generation of energy from RES in Development Strategy of Renewable Energy Sources Total production of energy in 2010, TJ Wind power plants Small hydro-electric power plants Photovoltaic systems Town biogas plants Farm biogas plants Landfill gas Wood-fired combined heat and power plants Automatic wood-fired heating plants Automatic straw-fired heating plants Independent biomass-fired boilers Rape oil methyl esters Bioethanol Geothermal heating plants Solar air collectors Solar water collectors

FORESTRY FIRE-WOD POTENTIAL Woodiness in Voivodships and timber harvest [m 3 /100 ha] (GUS - Forestry Statistics 2002) 10 Forestry area8,9 mln ha Woodiness28,3% Timber removals26,9 Mm 3 Afforestations ha/a Long-term plan 0,7 Mha by ‘2020 ACTUAL PROD FOR ENERGY FIRE-WOOD – 1,5 Mm3 SMALL-SIZE – 0,7 Mm3 FUTURE LOGGING RESIDUE – 1-1,6 Mm3 ROOT & STUMWOOD – 1,6 Mm3 SMALL-SIZE (EARLY THINNINGS) – 2,5 Mm3

STRAW POTENTIALS PRODUCTION T/a Cereals25,5 mln Rape1 mln Needs T/a Feeding and litter13 mln Plaughing2,5 mln SURPLUS11 mln

No of pig farms above 500 units No of poultry farms above 5000 units No of cow farms above 100 units Biogas technical potential; 26 PJ in total

 CO-FIRING (biomass+coal), large power plants, industry  BIOMASS DISTRICT HEATING (municipalities)  CHP (small and medium scale, industry, municipalities)  TRANSPORT (biodiesel, bioethanol) Problem: development of solid biofuels market  BIOGAS (from agriculture)  BIOMASS GASIFICATION Problem: market maturity of technologies Bioenergy market: short and medium term opportunities

Bioenergy Market- role of biomass co-firing Accession Treaty–an indicative RES-E goal for Poland ‘ % Governmental assumption: 4% of green electricity from biomass co- fring in coal power plants in 2010 – equivalent of some 8-10 million tons (10-12 million m 3 ) of fuel The present logging of wood million m 3, missing – 9-10 million m 3 should therefore come mostly from energy crops (ca. 300 thousand hectares) or be imported Resulting competitions and conflicts of interests: -land competition (food-energy), -biofuels import-export competition, -competition for current limited biomass resources for green heat & green & liquid biofuels production, -sustainability of agriculture &energy?

Drivers for bio-energy deployment Good public perception and the role of bio-energy RTD INTEGRATION OF ACTIVITIES

The results of Polish bioenergy RTD scan Source: ERA-Bioenergy ‘2003 About 150 experts and scientific workers are active in bioenergy Comparable small research groups: 1-4 scientists Annually budget in bioenergy area - about EUR Rather small scale dispersed projects: 5000 – EUR/year Biggest projects financed by FP5 A few bilateral projects: Sweden, Germany,... Two national bioenergy programmes under preparation Participation of Poland in NoE Bioenergy (FP6)

Share of biomass to energy conversion topics in RTD projects ‘2002 Since ‘2003 new topic – biomass co-firing with coal due to new legislation and industrial interest Source: ERA Bioenergy, FP5,’2003

INTEGRATION of NATIONAL RTD Polish Sustainable Energy RTD Network of CoE F u e l c e l l s H y d r o g e n E n e r g y s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s E c o - b u i l d i n g s P o l i g e n e r a t i o n E n e r g y s t o r a g e B i o m a s s P V W i n d G e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y R E S i n t e g r a t i o n S H P C O 2 s e q u e s t r a t i o n E l e c t r i c i t y Steering Committee 6 F P N C P E u r o p e a n C o m m i s s i o n K B N R E N E W A B L E R E L A T E D R E N E W A B L E S S U S T A I N A B L E E N E R G Y EC BREC – coordinator of bio-energy sub-network Institue for Energy – coordinator

R&D of renewable technologies Market stimulation by subsidies and legal instruments SMALL SCALE OF PRODUCTION HIGH COSTS „VICIOUS CIRCLE” OF BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Area of co- operation with industry and scientific centres Area of co- operation with local governments in implementation of projects Overcoming barriers to development of bioenergy

Strength of bio-energy in Poland Considerable bio-resources availability at lower than in EU-15 cost (land and labour); Potential surplus of agricultural production and opportunities for energy crops production Attractive short term options for heat and CHP production: coal to biomass (co-firing) or biogas instead of imported gas/oil Continuous improvement of bio-energy policy and legal framework, driven by the EU regulations Strong agriculture and agro-industry lobby

Bio-energy research suffers from under-funding but the existing research potential is considerable and should be one of the national RTD assets in near future Temporary focus on short and medium term research is essential for better involvement of bio-energy industry and for increase of the share of private funding for energy RTD. There is a need for joint setting of relevant RTD bio-energy priorities and measures in Poland, considering biomass resources, maturity and potential of industry, as well as current specialisation and possible co-operation with others EU MS. Open questions:  will Poland be one of the bio-energy leading country in the EU and advanced technology creator or just technology imitator  how much Poland wil contribute to the ERA in scope of renewable energy/bio-energy? Polish Bio-energy RTD – theses for further discussion